Welcome to Scholar Insight Journal Scholar Insight Journal (HEC Pakistan, Y Category: 1st October 2024 – 31st March 2026) is a peer-reviewed, quarterly (4 issues per year) academic publication dedicated to advancing knowledge and critical understanding in the broad domain of Arts & Humanities (Miscellaneous). The journal provides a dynamic platform for rigorous scholarly inquiry, publishing original research across a diverse spectrum of disciplines including , Arabic, Urdu, English, Islamic Studies, Religious Studies, Languages, etc and related fields. At Scholar Insight Journal, we are committed to fostering intellectual exchange by encouraging innovative research methodologies and diverse theoretical frameworks. Our editorial board, comprising distinguished scholars and researchers from across the globe, upholds the highest standards of academic integrity, ensuring a transparent and robust double-blind peer review process. Open Access Policy Scholar Insight Journal is an open access journal. All articles are freely available to readers without subscription or paywall barriers. Copyright & Licensing Authors retain the copyright of their work. All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Archiving & Preservation The journal ensures long-term digital preservation through LOCKSS, CLOCKSS, and PKP Preservation Network (PKP PN). Through our publications, we strive to: Disseminate cutting-edge research findings, Promote interdisciplinary dialogue, and Address contemporary challenges within the social sciences and humanities. Whether you are a seasoned academic, an early-career researcher, or a practitioner seeking deeper insights, Scholar Insight Journal invites you to engage with its wealth of knowledge and scholarly contributions. Join us in our mission to promote excellence in research and contribute meaningfully to the evolving landscape of Arts & Humanities. ISSN(Online): 3006-9785 ISSN(Print): 3007-245X
Authors retain the copyright of their work. All articles in Scholar Insight Journal are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license permits anyone to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, and to use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the author(s) or the publisher, provided proper attribution is given to the original work.
مغربی علمی روایت میں پیغمبر اسلام کا تصور: مستشرق جان ایل ایسپوزیٹو کی کتاب اسلام دی اسٹریٹ پاتھ کا تنقیدی مطالعہ
Orientalists have written about Islam and the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) in a way that is often illogical. They have consistently attempted to create controversy around Islam and the teachings of the Prophet (PBUH). Initially, their approach was to create doubts among Muslims about their faith, but later they changed their strategy to acknowledge the Prophet (PBUH) as a leader, commander, and successful politician, but not as a prophet or messenger. Most of the objections raised are from people of Jewish and Christian backgrounds, despite these religions being based on revelation. Their views on Islam, the Prophet (PBUH), and revelation are not acceptable to any enlightened society. Human creations are not as enduring as Islam, which remains preserved and relevant today. Despite efforts to erase it, Islam continues to thrive, and the Quran and Hadith remain intact. Many Orientalists have written about the life and character of the Prophet (PBUH), but John L. Esposito, in particular, has expressed a positive view of the Prophet's revelation, life, and character.
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اسلامی اور مغربی معاشروں میں خواتین کی خود مختاری کے اثرات: ایک تقابلی جائزہ
This study presents a comparative analysis of the effects of female autonomy in Islamic and Western societies. The concept of women’s autonomy differs significantly between these two social frameworks, influenced by distinct cultural, religious, and societal values. In Islamic societies, female autonomy is viewed within the boundaries of Islamic principles, ensuring respect, dignity, and rights for women, while also maintaining certain restrictions to preserve the moral fabric of society. Islam grants women autonomy in various aspects of life, including spiritual, social, and economic domains, but it places emphasis on the notion of balance and responsibility within a structured framework. In contrast, Western societies generally promote female autonomy based on individual freedom, equality, and personal rights. Women in these societies have been granted greater personal liberties, particularly in areas such as education, employment, and politics. However, this unrestricted autonomy sometimes comes with negative consequences, such as the destabilization of family structures, pressures in balancing career and family life, and challenges to traditional gender roles. This study explores the positive and negative effects of women’s autonomy in both contexts, emphasizing its impact on societal stability, family dynamics, and personal well-being. While women’s autonomy in Islamic societies is seen as a balanced approach that ensures social cohesion and individual development within the limits of religious ethics, the Western approach often emphasizes absolute freedom, sometimes leading to unintended social consequences. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of women in modern times, particularly focusing on the growing challenges and opportunities provided by the digital age, which has further reshaped the concept of autonomy.
خانگی امور سے متعلق امثال الحدیث کی عصری معنویت کتاب الامثال للاصبہانی کے تناظر میں
Amdahl al-Hadith represent an effective and simple educational approach in which the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ explained moral, psychological, and social realities through brief and clear examples. Through the use of similes, metaphors, and symbolic expressions, the Prophet ﷺ provided comprehensive guidance for human relationships, especially within the family system. The objective of this research is to examine selected prophetic parables related to marital relations, mutual rights, emotional balance, and ethical conduct, and to understand them in connection with the challenges of the modern era. In today’s world, the family system is under great pressure due to rapid social changes, increasing individualism, and unrealistic expectations, while a lack of tolerance and emotional understanding has further intensified these problems. In such circumstances, the Prophetic parables help in understanding human nature and in establishing healthy and balanced relationships. Similarly, in the light of authentic scholarly works such as Kitāb al-Amthāl, understanding and presenting the Prophetic parables in a contemporary context is highly essential for reviving a strong, dignified, and value-based family system. This approach not only reduces the gap between tradition and modernity but also makes it possible to build a balanced, peaceful, and spiritually grounded family life in today’s complex social environment.
Woman Empowerment in Islam and Contemporary Challenges
The problem of women empowerment has become the centre of discussion between the secularism and Islam on the role and position of women in their respective societies. Liberal Islamists not only accept the empowerment of women but they promote it too with the use of the Muslim societies without critically examining the issue within the Islamic perspective. The empowerment of women has not been receptive to the Islamic scholarship. This work attempts to lay the groundwork on which the gap in the response in question may be bridged. In that respect, the provided work is based on a qualitative approach. It also resorts to second hand sources of information in analyzing the issue of women empowerment and criticize the important strategies that are employed to promote the same in a Muslim society. The paper then provides an Islamic analysis of women empowerment, and provides a conclusion on the additional action that should be taken.
Prof Dr Matloob Ahmad (Corresponding Author)
اسلامی اور مغربی معاشروں میں خواتین کی عملی حیثیت: ایک موازنہ
This study aims to compare the practical status of women in Islamic and Western societies, focusing on their social, economic, and familial roles. Islamic society views women as equals to men, with defined rights, respect, and a significant role in family and society. Women’s rights in Islam, including education, ownership, and participation in social activities, are highlighted through religious texts, such as the Quran, which emphasizes respect for women and their role in society. In Islamic teachings, women are regarded as essential for the stability of family and community, and their contribution is seen as integral to societal progress. Moreover, Islam upholds women’s rights in marriage, inheritance, and work, ensuring their well-being and dignity. In contrast, Western societies, despite claiming to offer women freedom and equality, often present women through the lens of fashion, beauty, and exploitation. While women in Western cultures are encouraged to pursue careers, education, and personal freedoms, they are still subject to significant challenges such as lower wages, lack of professional opportunities, and increased media objectification. Western feminism has advocated for women's rights, but the cultural portrayal of women often reduces their identity to physical appearance and sexual appeal. This study explores these disparities, highlighting how Western cultural norms often undermine the true freedom of women by commodifying their bodies and reinforcing societal stereotypes. Through a comparative analysis of Islamic and Western societal frameworks, the research demonstrates that while both societies advocate for women's rights, the application and scope of these rights differ substantially. Islamic teachings provide a comprehensive and holistic framework that respects women’s dignity and empowers them, whereas Western notions of freedom often come with underlying exploitation.
Negotiating Identity in Migration Spaces: A Postcolonial Reading of Hamid’s Exit West and Rawlence’s City of Thorns
This study examines the theme of identity crisis in refugee narratives through a postcolonial perspective, with particular focus on the novels Exit West by Mohsin Hamid and City of Thorns by Ben Rawlence. Drawing upon the theoretical framework of Homi K. Bhabha, particularly his concepts of hybridity, mimicry, and Third Space, this research study investigates how forced migration molds and reshapes the pattern refugees’ sense of self, belonging, their identity, and specifically their cultural identity. Using textual and thematic analysis as an analytical framework, the researcher in this study explores the way displacement and forced migration destabilizes the established identities and compels the refugees to negotiate between preserving their cultural roots, their norms, and adapting to a totally new social environment. The findings of this study suggest that migration does not simply produce a psychological sense of loss rather, it also generates complex, and hybrid identities that reflect ongoing tensions between memory, home, and survival. Both the texts in this study illustrate that identity crisis emerges not only from personal trauma but also from broader structural inequalities embedded in a globalized and post-colonial world order. The study concludes that interpreting refugee narratives through a postcolonial lens deepens our understanding of the transformative impact of displacement. At the same time, it highlights the resilience, adaptability, and evolving selfhood of displaced individuals who reconstruct meaning and belonging in unfamiliar spaces. By situating identity within historical, political, and cultural contexts, this research contributes to contemporary discussions on migration, globalization, and human agency.
امام محمد الشیبانیؒ کا اسلوبِ تدوین فقہ – کتاب الاصل کے تناظر میں
Imam Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybānī (d. 189 AH) occupies a central place in the history of Islamic jurisprudence as one of the foremost codifiers of Ḥanafī fiqh. His seminal work, Kitāb al-Aṣl, represents one of the earliest systematic and comprehensive efforts to compile juristic rulings in a structured manner. In this work, Imam Muhammad begins each chapter with authoritative reports from the Companions and Successors, followed by the legal opinions of his teachers, Imam Abū Ḥanīfah and Imam Abū Yūsuf, while elaborating on subsidiary issues with remarkable depth. He also records the views of contemporary jurists such as Imam Ibn Abī Laylā in cases of disagreement, presenting comparative discussions and providing reasoned preferences. The significance of Kitāb al-Aṣl lies in its methodological clarity, strength of legal reasoning, comprehensive coverage of issues, and accessible style of expression. It laid the foundation for the continuity and intellectual expansion of Ḥanafī jurisprudence and became a primary reference for later juristic works, including al-Shaybānī’s own al-Mabsūṭ and beyond. In contemporary contexts, its methodological approach continues to serve as a model for the codification of Islamic law, emphasizing systematic arrangement, reliance on transmitted reports, and the exercise of juristic reasoning to address evolving practical issues.
An Introduction to Imam al-Baghawī and a Research Based Study of His Scholarly Contributions
Despite Imam Ḥusayn b. Masʿūd al-Baghawī (d. 516 AH) being widely cited in classical Islamic literature, modern scholarship has largely treated his legacy in a fragmented and descriptive manner, often focusing on individual works without a systematic evaluation of his integrated scholarly methodology. This article addresses this gap by offering a holistic and critical analysis of al-Baghawī’s intellectual project across Qurʾānic exegesis, ḥadīth studies, and Shāfiʿī jurisprudence, situating his contributions within the intellectual landscape of fifth-century Khurāsān. Drawing on primary biographical sources and close textual analysis of his major works, particularly Maʿālim al-Tanzīl, Sharḥ al-Sunnah, and Maṣābīḥ al-Sunnah, the study demonstrates that al-Baghawī developed a coherent methodological framework grounded in textual authenticity, transmission-based interpretation, and deliberate restraint from speculative theological discourse. The article argues that his exegetical practice represents a consciously moderate synthesis of riwāyah and dirāyah, while his ḥadīth scholarship reflects an early effort toward pedagogical systematization of the Sunnah for both scholarly and instructional purposes. Furthermore, the study challenges the prevailing assumption of al-Baghawī as a strictly madhhab-bound jurist by showing that, although affiliated with the Shāfiʿī school, he consistently prioritized evidentiary strength over doctrinal conformity. By foregrounding al-Baghawī’s methodological unity across disciplines, this article contributes to a deeper understanding of classical Sunni epistemology and repositions him as a central figure in the formation of moderate and text-centered Islamic scholarship.
قانون سازی کے اصول: امام شاہ ولی اللہ محدث دہلویؒ کا فکری منہج
This article examines the principles of legislation through the intellectual methodology of Imam Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dehlavi (رحمہ اللہ), one of the most influential Islamic thinkers of the Indo-Muslim world. Imam Shah Waliullah developed a comprehensive legal and philosophical framework that sought to revive Islamic law by reconnecting it with its foundational objectives, social realities, and moral purposes. The most important underlying theme of law making principles for him was Istehsan (ease). The study highlights that, the principles of law should be flexible, must not contain extra restrictions, making difficult to abide by. according to Shah Waliullah, legislation must remain firmly rooted in the Qur’an and Sunnah while simultaneously addressing societal needs through ijtihad, maslahah (public interest), and recognized custom (‘urf). Central to his legal thought is the concept of Masleha Kulliya ( collective goodness). The article argues that Imam Shah Waliullah’s intellectual methodology offers a balanced and pragmatic model for contemporary Islamic legislation. His thought provides valuable guidance for modern Muslim societies seeking to harmonize classical Islamic legal principles with contemporary legal, social, and ethical challenges.
انضباطِ مبہم و امتیازِ مشکل: اصولِ تخریجِ احکام کا ایک کیفیت و اصولی مطالعہ روشنی میں
This study presents a qualitative and usulī analysis of the principles of “Ambiguity Regulation” (Inzibat al-Mubham) and “Distinction of Complex Cases” (Imtiyaz al-Mushkil) in Islamic jurisprudence. These principles guide the extraction and application of rulings from Sharīʿah texts when the wording of the text is general, ambiguous, or potentially applicable to multiple scenarios. Often, a term or title (e.g., Sariq - thief) is mentioned without specifying conditions, thresholds, or contexts, requiring jurists to identify essential distinctions, conditions, and operational definitions. The study demonstrates that methods such as classification of types, attention to specific characteristics, reference to social custom (ʿurf), and differentiation through apparent or dominant forms, are essential for precise legal derivation. Examples from theft (sariqah), extravagance (taʿayyush), and marriage versus illicit sexual relations illustrate these methodologies. The findings underscore that jurisprudential precision involves not only textual interpretation but also the integration of context, purpose, customary practices, and practical indicators, ensuring that rulings are both doctrinally sound and socially implementable. This framework highlights the practical and systematic nature of usul al-takhreej and its critical role in harmonizing textual guidance with real-world applicability.
SHARIAH ANALYSIS OF QANUN-E-SHAHADAT ORDER AND APPLICATION OF CLASSICAL QARĪNA DOCTRINES ON ELECTRONIC-EVIDENCE
The advent of digital technology has transformed the evidentiary landscape, presenting unique challenges for legal systems grounded in classical doctrines. This article undertakes a Shariah-based analysis of Pakistan’s Qanun-e-Shahadat Order (QSO), 1984, with particular focus on its treatment of electronic evidence. It examines how traditional Islamic principles of proof, especially the classical doctrine of Qarīna (presumptions and inferential evidence), can inform the admissibility, credibility, and weight of electronic records such as emails, digital contracts, and forensic data. By juxtaposing the QSO provisions with classical qarīna concepts, the study identifies convergences and gaps, highlighting areas where contemporary judicial practice may benefit from Shariah-guided reasoning. The article also discusses methodological challenges in interpreting electronic evidence under both statutory and Shariah frameworks, emphasizing principles such as certainty (yaqin), corroboration, and avoidance of unjust assumptions. Through case law analysis and doctrinal comparison, it proposes a harmonized approach that respects the integrity of Islamic evidentiary standards while addressing the technical complexities of digital proof. The findings underscore the potential for classical qarīna doctrines to enrich modern evidentiary evaluation, ensuring justice, reliability, and fairness in the digital age.
عصرِ حاضر کا نظامِ تعلیم اور خواتین کی تعلیم و تربیت کا مسئلہ اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ
Education is central to shaping societies, and Islam places equal emphasis on the pursuit of knowledge for both men and women. In Muslim societies, however, the modern education system has been shaped largely by Western paradigms, creating a disconnect between contemporary practices and Islamic values. This research critically examines the challenges of women’s education and character formation within this context, while proposing solutions grounded in Islamic teachings. The study explores the historical development of the modern education system and evaluates its compatibility with the Islamic worldview. It highlights the structural and moral challenges faced by Muslim women—such as curriculum content, institutional culture, and the lack of integration between academic learning and spiritual training. Drawing upon the Qur’an, Hadith, classical jurisprudence, and contemporary scholarship, the research emphasizes Islam’s vision of women’s education as both a right and a pillar of social reform. Using qualitative analysis of Islamic sources, literature, and policy documents (with a focus on Pakistan), the study proposes a holistic educational model that combines academic excellence with moral and spiritual development.
شعری لسانیات: انیس ناگی کے معنوی و استعاراتی نظام کا تجزیہ
This research article investigates the theoretical framework of "Poetic Linguistics" pioneered by Anis Nagi, specifically focusing on his unique semantic and metaphorical system as an objective tool for literary analysis. Moving beyond traditional impressionistic criticism, Nagi’s theory posits that for a poet, the word is not merely a communicative medium but an autonomous "realm of experience." The study explores the core components of Nagi’s linguistic model, including the transition from general linguistic perception to creative expression, where lexical meanings fade to give way to a complex series of emotional reactions. Central to this analysis is Nagi’s redefinition of the metaphor as a tool for semantic expansion—arguing that it is rooted not only in similarity but also in contrast and relational proximity. The article further examines the concept of "Mahakaati Isti’ara" (mimesis/imagery), which grants physical embodiment to abstract concepts, and the dual nature of context (syntactic and emotional). By applying these principles to contemporary Urdu long poems, the study demonstrates how poetic linguistics decodes communicative complexities and reveals the deep structure of the text. The findings conclude that Nagi’s semantic system provides a scientific methodology for understanding the modern poem as an organic linguistic unit, where every word draws its value from its specific placement within the creative context rather than its dictionary definition.
اردو املا کے جمالیاتی پہلو : رشید حسن خاں اور ڈاکٹر ابو محمد سحر کا فکری اختلاف
This research article provides a comparative and analytical study of the intellectual divergence between two titans of Urdu linguistics, Rashid Hassan Khan and Dr. Abu Muhammad Sahar, regarding the standardization of Urdu orthography (Imla). The debate centers on two conflicting linguistic philosophies: Khan’s insistence on "linguistic logic" and "etymological rigor" versus Siddiqui’s defense of "established usage" (Riwaaj) and "historical continuity." Rashid Hassan Khan sought to reconstruct Urdu orthography on scientific and phonetic foundations, aiming to eliminate centuries of scribal errors and inconsistencies. Conversely, Dr. Abu Muhammad Sahar argued that language is a socio-cultural product governed by collective visual memory, asserting that radical changes dictated by pure logic could lead to linguistic chaos and alienation from classical literary traditions. The article examines specific orthographic points of contention, including the Alif versus Haye-Mukhtafi (h) debate, the technical complexities of Hamza in Izafat (genitive constructions), the rules for joining or separating compound words, and the treatment of loanwords (Dakhil Alfaz). Through an empirical analysis of their seminal works, the study reveals that while Rashid Khan’s approach provides a structured system for future standardization, Abu Muhammad Sahar’s moderate stance protects the unique phonetic and aesthetic temperament of Urdu. The findings suggest that successful linguistic reform must balance logical correctness with public acceptance. The article concludes that the future of Urdu orthography lies in a path of moderation, ensuring the language remains compatible with modern digital technology while preserving its rich scholarly heritage.
Regulating the Future: A Comparative Analysis of Pakistan’s Need for EU-Based Cyber Privacy Frameworks
The use of cyber technologies in Pakistan has been both exposed in the governance system, commercial practices, law enforcement, and daily living, providing a great benefit by causing a real efficiency improvement, and at the same time, also presents severe threats to privacy and data security, among other essential rights. Without a regulatory framework of AI that is elaborate, enforceable, and solid in use rights-based protections, the remaining ones are still in bits, mostly aspirational, and poor. In comparison, the coherent risk-oriented regulatory model implemented in the European Union via the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) is based on the principles of human dignity, accountability, and democratic control. The article aims at achieving three research objectives: first, due to its doctrinal nature, to examine the current and proposed laws on data protection and AI-based decision-making in Pakistan; second, to comparatively explore how the EU GDPR and AI Act respond to analogous regulatory challenges with binding obligations, institutional regulation and risk classification; and third, to normatively evaluate the AI governance framework in Pakistan against the international human rights standards, specifically, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the EU fundamental rights standards. The methodological approach of the study is the doctrinal legal analysis, the comparative legal research, and normative evaluation of the statutory texts, policy documents, judicial principles, and scholarly literature. The analysis demonstrates that there are considerable regulatory gaps in Pakistan, such as a lack of enforceable limitations on automated decision-making, insufficient transparency and accountability requirements on AI developers and implementers, ineffective redressing of rights infringements, and the absence of an independent regulatory body that has effective powers. The EU model, in its turn, combines the principles of data protection, including lawfulness, minimization of information, and limitation of purpose, transparency, and accountability, and AI-specific risk-based regulation and strong mechanisms of institutional enforcement.
Prof. Dr. Matloob Ahmad (Corresponding Author)
المناهج المختلفة في الفتوی في النوازل الفقهیة المعاصرة
This research examines the different methodologies adopted in issuing fatwas on contemporary juristic issues that arise due to rapid social, economic, and technological change. It explores how classical principles of Islamic jurisprudence are applied to new and unprecedented situations, commonly referred to as nawāzil fiqhiyyah. The study analyzes major approaches used by contemporary jurists, including strict textual adherence, contextual interpretation, objectives-based reasoning, and collective ijtihad. It highlights the strengths and limitations of each methodology and discusses the balance between legal continuity and necessary flexibility in modern fatwa practice. The research also addresses the role of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, public interest, and changing circumstances in shaping contemporary legal opinions. By comparing these methodologies, the study aims to contribute to a more informed and balanced framework for issuing fatwas that remain faithful to Islamic legal tradition while responding effectively to present-day challenges.
The National and revolutionary poetry of Josh Maleh Abadi
Josh Malihabadi stands as one of the most powerful and dynamic voices of revolutionary poetry in the Subcontinent. His poetic temperament is marked by intensity, courage, and defiance, reflecting the turbulent political and social conditions of his time. During the freedom movement and the struggle that eventually led to the creation of Pakistan, his poetry emerged as a forceful expression of resistance, awakening national consciousness and inspiring collective action. His verses, charged with emotional strength and ideological clarity, resonated widely and became symbols of rebellion against oppression. The essence of Josh Malihabadi’s poetry lies in its strong national spirit. He skillfully integrates themes of patriotism with vivid imagery drawn from nature, using natural symbols to reinforce ideas of freedom, strength, and renewal. Alongside this, he addresses the socio-economic hardships endured by the masses, giving voice to their pain, aspirations, and determination. Despite highlighting suffering and injustice, his poetry does not succumb to despair; rather, it consistently projects hope, resilience, and faith in a better and more dignified future. Josh’s revolutionary vision extended beyond mere protest. His poetic style, marked by powerful diction, rhythmic force, and intellectual depth, set new standards for national and revolutionary expression in Urdu poetry. As a result, his influence was not limited to his contemporaries alone. Subsequent generations of poets drew inspiration from his bold thematic choices and expressive strength. Consequently, Josh Malihabadi’s poetry occupies a lasting place in literary history as a vital source of nationalist consciousness, revolutionary thought, and artistic resistance.
Contemporary Consciousness of Akbar Alahabadi
Akbar Alahabadi holds a distinguished place among the major classical poets and intellectual figures of the Subcontinent due to the depth, insight, and critical awareness reflected in his poetry. He was not merely a satirist who employed humor for entertainment; rather, he was a perceptive thinker who closely examined the realities of his age. His poetic vision encompasses a wide range of concerns, including political domination, social transformation, cultural dislocation, educational trends, economic pressures, and moral as well as religious decline.During the colonial period, a large segment of Indian Muslim society began to adopt Western lifestyles, values, and educational models uncritically. This tendency, in Akbar Alahabadi’s view, threatened Islamic identity, ethical stability, and indigenous cultural traditions. Through sharp satire and subtle irony, he challenged this blind imitation and exposed the internal contradictions and moral shortcomings of Western civilization. At the same time, he emphasized that Islam provides a holistic and balanced framework capable of addressing human needs in all spheres of life.Akbar Alahabadi’s poetry reveals social hypocrisy, moral erosion, intellectual confusion, and cultural alienation within Muslim society, presenting these issues in a manner that provokes reflection rather than mere ridicule. His satirical style serves a reformative purpose, aiming to protect moral values, discourage vulgarity, and resist cultural domination. Moreover, he offers thoughtful and practical perspectives on social, educational, psychological, and economic problems, which enhance the lasting relevance of his work. Consequently, his poetry stands as a strong expression of contemporary consciousness and an intellectual resistance to cultural and ideological subjugation.
Case Studies in Sahaba Treaty Practice and Territorial Integration
This article examines how the Companions of the Prophet (Sahaba), especially during the Rightly Guided Caliphate, translated Quranic and Prophetic norms into concrete legal instruments for foreign affairs and territorial integration. Focusing on treaty continuity, capitulation agreements, safe conduct (aman),and the selective recognition of local custom (urf), it argues that early Islamic external governance was neither improvised nor purely driven by military expediency. Rather, it was structured around covenant fidelity, procedural fairness, and protection of life, property, and worship for non-Muslim populations incorporated into the Islamic polity. First, the article analyses how post Prophetic leadership treated the Prophet’s covenants as binding obligations of the political community, thereby grounding later doctrines of treaty continuity and principled termination. Second, it studies capitulation agreements in Syria and Iraq as jurisprudential texts that regulated security, taxation, religious institutions, and mobility, while limiting predation and incentivizing stability. Third, it explores aman as a morally weighty guarantee enabling envoys, merchants, and vulnerable populations to move across borders under enforceable protection. Finally, it shows how administrative continuity and legal pluralism emerged through conditional recognition of urf, allowing diverse communities to preserve internal norms under overarching Islamic sovereignty. These case studies illuminate a formative Sahaba based model of international conduct whose ethical core remains relevant to modern discussions of treaty obligation, minority protection, and lawful governance in plural societies.
Challenges and Solutions for Pakistani Muslim Scholars in Britain’s Pluralistic Society
This study examines the challenges faced by Pakistani Muslim scholars in Britain’s pluralist and secular environment, focusing particularly on those associated with Sufi traditions. As the Muslim population in the UK grows and becomes increasingly diverse, religious scholars play a vital role in guiding community life, interpreting Islamic teachings, and bridging the gap between faith-based perspectives and broader societal expectations. Despite this central role, these scholars often confront complex social, cultural, legal, and institutional pressures that shape their work and identity. Guided by four research questions, the study explores how these scholars perceive their responsibilities within a diverse society, the obstacles they encounter, and the strategies they adopt to remain true to their religious principles while engaging constructively with wider British society. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research begins with an extensive review of academic and community literature, followed by semi-structured interviews with Pakistani Sufi oriented scholars based across England. Thematic analysis reveals recurring challenges such as negotiating religious identity in a secular setting, responding to Islamophobia, managing generational differences within British Muslim communities, and balancing traditional expectations with modern institutional demands. The findings indicate that meaningful engagement requires context-sensitive religious training, stronger institutional support, active interfaith involvement, and leadership development tailored to the British context. The study contributes to wider debates on pluralism, integration, and the evolving role of Muslim scholarship in the UK, offering practical recommendations for policymakers, community leaders, and Islamic institutions.
De-centering the Human: A Close Reading of Nonhuman Agency in Elif Shafak’s The Island of Missing Trees
This research explores how Elif Shafak’s The Island of Missing Trees (2021) challenges human-centered perspectives by giving narrative consciousness to a fig tree. The study investigates how Shafak redefines storytelling through a dialogue between human and nonhuman life that turns the novel into a reflection on coexistence, empathy, and ecological awareness. The research examines how the novel builds meaning through the vitality of matter and the agency of the nonhuman world by deploying Rosi Braidotti’s post human philosophy and Serpil Oppermann’s framework of material Eco criticism. The fig tree is not a passive symbol but a conscious voice that remembers, feels, and communicates. Through close reading, the research uncovers how the text connects human trauma with environmental memory and shows that healing begins with recognizing the interdependence among all forms of life. The analysis reveals that empathy is presented as a shared ecological capacity that extends beyond human boundaries and becomes a foundation for ethical coexistence. This study contributes to post human and environmental literary discussions by showing how fiction can express new forms of consciousness and responsibility. The novel invites readers to imagine coexistence built on care, reciprocity, and respect for the entire living world.
Trauma and Recovery in Young Adult Fiction: From “Soul Murder” to Psychological Healing in 13 Reasons Why and Speak
This article examines the representation of adolescent trauma and the complex process of recovery in Jay Asher’s 13 Reasons Why (2007) and Laurie Halse Anderson’s Speak (1999). Drawing upon Leonard Shengold’s psychoanalytic concept of “soul murder” and Karen Duncan’s clinical model of the stages of healing, the study argues that the protagonists—Hannah Baker and Melinda Sordino—embody contrasting responses to trauma resulting from sexual assault and bullying. Shengold’s theory clarifies how abuse annihilates the victim’s sense of self, while Duncan’s model illuminates the conditions under which survivors may rebuild identity and agency. Through close textual analysis, the article demonstrates that Speak offers a narrative of reintegration made possible by internal resolve and external validation, whereas 13 Reasons Why depicts the destructive culmination of unacknowledged trauma. By situating these texts within contemporary literary trauma scholarship, the paper underscores the pedagogical and social significance of young-adult fiction as a medium for representing psychological suffering and modelling recovery. Ultimately, it contributes to literary trauma studies by foregrounding adolescence as a distinctive site where identity formation, victimization, and healing intersect.
Unstable Homes, Unstable Lives: A Psychogeographic Exploration of Gentrification in Awais Khan’s In the Company of Strangers
Spaces are never neutral; they actively shape an individual’s consciousness. In the wake of gentrification, these spaces become sites of exclusion, moral decay, and profound loss, where individuals struggle to maintain their sense of self amid shifting social and spatial orders. This article examines Awais Khan’s In the Company of Strangers (2019) through the intersecting lenses of Guy Debord’s concept of psychogeography and Sharon Zukin’s theory of gentrification to explore how urban spatial transformation in Lahore disrupts the psychological and moral integrity of the character(s). The study argues that gentrified spaces are not merely physical constructs but also psychogeographic forces that shape consciousness, manipulate desire, and erode individual agency. The research employs textual analysis, and looks into how Khan uses figurative language, spatial metaphors, visual motifs, and irony to depict the city as both seductive and alienating. Ali’s journey shows how gentrified spaces, built to serve the rich, lead the poor into confusion and loss. Drawn by false hopes of a better life, he becomes trapped in a city that controls his choices and slowly breaks down his sense of self. Moreover, this article argues that Khan’s portrayal of Lahore transforms the city into a symbolic landscape, where gentrification operates as psychological violence and leads to Ali’s tragic unravelling and eventual death.
Critical Analysis of Political Music Videos of Pakistan (2007-2021): A Socio-Cognitive Approach
This study examines the socio-cognitive procedures used in the creation of political music videos in Pakistan. The data spans fifteen years, from 2007 to 2021. According to this study, music videos are a new and potent weapon for creating political narratives in Pakistan using themes of integration and disintegration. These narratives are then used to pique the interest of the audience. The study’s qualitative analysis is based on in-depth interviews with singers, lyricists, and music video producers. Purposive sampling is used to select five respondents for the interviews. The themes are then gleaned from the respondents’ responses. Incorporating a theoretical framework into the interpretation of the findings is Rick Altman’s approach to film genre (1987). The results point to an increase in Altman’s philosophical outlook. Results also demonstrate that state-sponsored socially conscious themes predominate in Pakistani sociopolitical music videos.
Dr. Muhammad Javed Iqbal (Corresponding Author)
Meaning-Making in Urdu Advertisements and their English Translations: A Social Semiotic Perspective
This research describes meaning-making processes in the selected Urdu advertisement and its English translations by applying the Social semiotic theory. The research investigates the cultural and social factors that influence the production of ads. The study aims to contribute to understanding the linguistic and cultural dimensions of advertising and translation. The data comprises selected Urdu advertisement Surf Excel Ramazan. The descriptive method is applied to explore the meanings of multimodal text (ad) and its translation through the Lens of social semiotic theory by Halliday (1978). The study finds that the choice of language in advertising is a crucial and complex interaction of different semiotic resources that contribute to meanings in multimodal texts. Translation of multimodal text entails the knowledge of linguistic and semiotic resources.
AI Narrative Criticism: Reimagining Meaning, Power, and Storytelling in the Algorithmic Age
This article introduces AI Narrative Criticism as a critical methodology for interpreting stories about, by, and through artificial intelligence in the algorithmic age. It argues that AI systems no longer serve merely as tools of communication but operate as narrative apparatuses that generate, curate, and structure meaning across cultural, literary, and digital domains. Building on poststructuralist narratology, posthuman theory, and critical media studies, the paper outlines three analytic registers: (1) narratives about AI in cultural and policy discourse that project fantasies and anxieties; (2) narratives by AI, such as large language model outputs that demand reconceptualisations of authorship and textuality, and (3) narratives through AI, shaped by algorithmic recommendation systems that structure attention, perception, and affect. Through case studies ranging from speculative fiction and machine-generated writing to platform-curated feeds, the article demonstrates how machinic narrativity unsettles traditional assumptions of intention, coherence, and human-centered authorship. To engage these transformations, the paper proposes a framework for reading AI-mediated storytelling through four methodological coordinates; contextual mapping, discursive reading, aesthetic analysis, and ethical reflexivity. The study concludes that in the age of narrative automation, literary criticism must reinvent itself to confront the aesthetic, epistemic, and political implications of machine-mediated storytelling.
Investigating the Impact of Stylistic Amplification in Urdu Translation of Bapsi Sidhwa’s English Novel
This paper examines the aspect of stylistic amplification in the Urdu translation of The Crow Eaters by Bapsi Sidhwa, translated by Umer Memon as Jungle Wala Sahib. The article draws upon the amplification strategy by Luisa Molina and Amparo Hurtado Albir (2002), as well as Mona Baker’s theory of narrative in the study of how stylistic options influence the faithfulness of translation in literary work. Applying a comparative textual analysis of selected passages, the paper refers to several instances in which neutral or emotionally charged narrative devices in the original text are transformed into explicitly emotionally charged or ideology-laden expressions in the Urdu version. The results indicate that although amplification can be successfully used to improve readability and cultural relevance to the Urdu audience, it is likely to overemphasize the personalities of characters and the tone of the story, thereby altering the stylistic nature of the original work. The research will contribute to the broader discussion of the ethical questions surrounding translation and literary style, specifically how much or how little of the story a translator should alter to adapt it across languages and cultures.
Muhammad Javed Iqbal (Corresponding Author)
The Role of Emotional Intelligence in English Teachers’ Decision-Making: Implications for Effective Classroom Management
Emotional intelligence (EI) has gained recognition as a key factor in enhancing the effectiveness of both teaching and educational leadership. The ability of English teachers to recognize, understand, and regulate emotions—within themselves as well as among their students—has a profound impact on classroom interactions and professional choices. The present study explores the influence of emotional intelligence on teachers’ decision-making and its contribution to successful classroom management. It particularly focuses on how the major elements of EI, including self-awareness, empathy, emotional control, and social competence, shape teachers’ instructional planning, disciplinary strategies, and conflict resolution approaches. A quantitative research design was adopted, involving a sample of 120 secondary school teachers from public and private institutions. Data were collected using two standardized instruments: the Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) and the Teacher Decision-Making Inventory (TDMI). Statistical procedures, such as Pearson correlation and regression analysis, indicated a meaningful positive link between emotional intelligence and teachers’ decision-making effectiveness. The outcomes suggest that English teachers who exhibit stronger emotional intelligence tend to make more balanced, ethical, and student-centered decisions, resulting in improved classroom discipline and academic outcomes. These results highlight that emotional intelligence is not merely an individual characteristic but an essential professional attribute that strengthens the quality of education. Therefore , English teacher preparation and professional development programs should incorporate structured training in emotional intelligence to help educators develop reflective thinking, empathy, and emotional stability—qualities necessary for maintaining productive classrooms and making informed pedagogical decisions.
حدیثی ذخیرے میں صحیح ابن حبان کے منہج کی انفرادیت
Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn-e-Ḥibbān stands as a remarkable scholarly masterpiece within the rich tradition of ḥadīth literature. In this monumental work, Imam Ibn-e-Ḥibbān systematically compiled authentic narrations according to a distinctive methodological framework, formulated upon his own precise terms, classifications, and conditions. This unique arrangement not only demonstrates his intellectual independence but also mirrors the literary and methodological tendencies of his time. The compilation reveals the author’s exceptional ability to combine rigorous authenticity with structural innovation, presenting a new paradigm in ḥadīth organization that later scholars both admired and debated. Over the centuries, Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn-e-Ḥibbān has continued to draw the attention of scholars, researchers, and students of ḥadīth. Its scientific precision, linguistic excellence, and insightful commentary earned it a position of high esteem among the classical sources, to the extent that numerous scholars have chosen it as the focus of their academic research. Nevertheless, despite its profound scholarly merit and its rank comparable to certain works among the Ṣiḥāḥ-e-Sittah (the Six Canonical Collections), it has not received the widespread prominence it truly deserves. In the contemporary era, there remains a pressing need for renewed examination of this work—particularly concerning its methodological principles, arrangement, explanatory annotations, and supplementary discussions. The present study aims to highlight these essential aspects of Ibn Ḥibbān’s methodology and framework, employing both narrative and analytical approaches to shed light on his enduring intellectual legacy and its relevance to modern ḥadīth scholarship.
علم صوتیات کی روشنی میں ، احمد راہی کی "رگِ جاں" کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
The present research, “An Analytical Study of Ahmad Rahi’s Rag-e-Jan in the Light of Phonetics,” explores the intricate relationship between sound and meaning in the poetic expression of Ahmad Rahi. As one of the most influential voices in modern Urdu and Punjabi poetry, Rahi’s Rag-e-Jan exhibits a unique harmony of emotional resonance and phonetic artistry. This study examines how phonetic features such as euphony, consonance, assonance, rhythm, and intonation contribute to the lyrical texture and emotional depth of his verse. Through a detailed phonetic analysis, the research seeks to uncover how Rahi’s sound patterns enrich the semantic layers of his poetry and reflect the cultural, emotional, and linguistic sensibilities of his era.Drawing upon the theoretical frameworks of phonological stylistics and modern sound symbolism, the study investigates the interplay between phonetic structure and poetic meaning. Special attention is given to the ways in which Rahi employs auditory elements to express themes of love, nostalgia, pain, and existential reflection. His deliberate use of sound not only enhances musicality but also serves as a vehicle for emotional communication and aesthetic coherence.Ultimately, this research contributes to Urdu literary criticism by integrating linguistic and phonetic perspectives into the study of poetic form and function. It broadens the understanding of Ahmad Rahi’s poetic art as a symphony of sound and sentiment, where phonetic beauty becomes an essential element of his creative expression.