Scholar Insight Journal is a Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan-recognized Y Category peer-reviewed, quarterly (four issues per year) international academic journal dedicated to advancing scholarly research in Arts & Humanities (Miscellaneous). The journal publishes original research articles in diverse fields including Arabic, Urdu, English, Islamic Studies, Religious Studies, Languages, Linguistics, Literature, Education, Sociology, Psychology, History, Philosophy, and related disciplines. Scholar Insight Journal follows a rigorous double-blind peer review process and is committed to ethical, transparent, and open-access scholarly publishing.
Authors retain the copyright and full publishing rights of their work. All articles published in Scholar Insight Journal are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Under this license, readers are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, link to the full texts, and reuse the published articles for any lawful purpose, including adaptation and commercial use, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author(s), the source of publication, and the license terms are properly acknowledged. The journal retains the right of first publication while authors maintain ownership of their intellectual property rights without restrictions.
Exploring the Role of Women in Education: A Journey from Instructional Leadership to Institutional Leadership
This research adopts a qualitative research design to explore the experiences of women transformation from instructional leadership to institutional leadership in educational settings. A qualitative approach is suitable for this research as it allows for an in-depth exploration of participants’ lived experiences, perceptions, and meaning-making processes. A phenomenological approach is to understand the importance of participants’ experiences as navigate leadership transitions. The sample size is eight participants, which includes two senior teachers, two heads of departments in the universities, two school Principals and two academic administrators working in public and private sectors. A purposive convenient sampling strategy is used to select participants. Data is collected using semi-structured interviews as a tool, through face-to-face or online. The data was analyzed using the thematic analysis, a method adopted for analyzing qualitative data. This study findings highlights that female moving from instructional to institutional leadership face multiple challenges as well as areas of strength. These include mentorship, social support, and experiential learning, along with resilience and emotional labor. Supportive policies within institutions also play a key role. Women navigate personal, social, and organizational hurdles by employing reflection, strategic planning, and adaptability to thrive in leadership roles. This study points out how crucial it is to have both formal and informal support systems to ensure fair access and ongoing involvement in educational leadership positions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nagina Muhammad Nazeef, Munira Muhammad Rangwala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bakhs and the Violation of Material Rights in the Qur’ān: A Thematic and Contextual Analysis
Bakhs, as defined in the Qur’ān, is typically seen as the act of giving insufficient measure or weight in trade. A thematic analysis of the Qur’ān shows that Bakhs pertains not only to dishonest commercial practices but also to any act that illegally diminishes, conceals, or takes away one’s lawful rights in the material domain. In this article, the author examines material rights as an important element of Bakhs through a thematic analysis of related verses in the Qur'ān. The objective of the study is to show how the Qur’ān guarantees the protection of material rights through establishing principles of justice, visibility, accountability, and fairness in the economy and finance. With reference to the thematic analysis method, the author considers the Qur’ān concerning safeguarding property rights, rights in commerce, rights in finance, rights in inheritance, and the rights of vulnerable populations based on the Qur’ān. The study also includes relevant Hadiths, classical commentaries, and current literature to provide a scientific understanding of the topic. The results obtained show that the Qur’ān describes the complete system of material rights protection and treats any illegal deprivation of these rights as Bakhs. The conclusion of this study indicates that Bakhs should be viewed as a multifaceted ethical and legal term rather than merely a measure of inadequate weights and measures. This wider perspective contributes to modern Qur'ānic studies by showing that the teachings of the Qur'an are still relevant to the question of protecting property rights and promoting justice, honesty, and accountability in our time.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ms. Saba Mahmood, Dr. Hafsah Ayaz Qureshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lived Experiences of Psychological Despair among War Victims in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study
Present study aims to ascertain the lived experience of psychological despair among people from the Ex-FATA region of Pakistan affected by extended conflict and displacement. A purposive sample of 12 individuals (6 males and 6 females) age ranges 25–35 (M = 27.8, SD = 2.16) participated in semi-structured interviews. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyse the participants’ data. IPA revealed four superordinate themes from participants’ data such as Pervasive Experiences of Hopelessness and Psychological Defeat, Living under Chronic Uncertainty and Instability, Despair Arising from Broken Hopes and Perceived Neglect, and Enduring and Adapting to Prolonged Adversity. Results indicate that despair in war victims is a multidimensional and dynamic psychological progression, including emotional hopelessness, existential insecurity, disappointment with institutional support, and adaptive strategies such as habituation, tolerance, and nostalgic meaning making. Resilience among individuals seemed to contain continuous functioning alongside enduring despair, rather than reflecting the absence of suffering. These results indicate the need for clinical interventions that directly deal with hopelessness, together with structural improvements ensuring consistent humanitarian support, for populations affected by persistent conflict.
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology GCU Lahore
Copyright (c) 2026 Sanam Khalid, Dr. Mahwesh Arooj Naz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTS OF TEACHER’S BURNOUT ON STUDENTS’ ATTENTION AT HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
Teacher’s burnout is a serious issue for policymakers and educators across the globe. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of teacher’s burnout on students’ attention at higher secondary school level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa which is carried out through descriptive quantitative research design with population of 11515 students of districts Peshawar, Noushehra and Mardan. Quantitative data was collected from a sample of 373-students through simple random technique. Data was analyzed descriptively through frequency and percentages as well as hypothesis were tested through Pearson’s Correlation. The results from descriptive analysis revealed the negative association of teacher’s burnout and student’s attention at higher secondary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The inferential analysis has also revealed significant correlation between teachers’ burnout and students’ attention with 0.687 value of Pearson’s correlation co-efficient at p < 0.01 level significance. From these findings, it is concluded that teacher’s burnout has significant effects on students’ retention at higher secondary school level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This study recommends that institutional and administrative support may be provided for the wellbeing of teachers and reducing the effects of teachers’ burnout on student’s attention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gohar Rehman, Pro. Dr. Iffat Ara Hussain, Khurshid Khan, Stana Din (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Institutional, Pedagogical, and Social Barriers to Inclusive Education: Perspectives of School Principals and Teachers
The education of children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND) has been one of the most complicated parts of present-day education systems. Although, inclusive education has been gaining momentum in the world, but there is little empirical knowledge regarding the challenges faced by the school principals and teachers in the field of special education in practice especially in under-resourced countries like Pakistan. The current study aims to explore the professional, instructional, administrative and emotional difficulties faced by teachers serving students with SEND in various educational contexts in Pakistan. The research design used was qualitative exploratory research with a paradigm of interpretivism. The research subjects were purposively selected as four informants, which comprised of three special education teachers and one school principal, from both government and private institutional settings. Braun and Clarke's (2006) thematic analysis framework was used to analyze the data, which resulted in six broad themes: training and professional preparation, classroom and instructional challenges, institutional support and resource availability, policy and system-level barriers, collaboration and stakeholder involvement, and emotional and psychological impact. Results highlight a recurring theme of a theory–practice divide in teacher preparation, the unequal distribution of resources across institutional types, inflexibility in policy frameworks and the emotional burden of all participants. One of the significant results is the resource–equity paradox: centres funded by the government may have material resources but lack adequate human resources, a situation that shows that the provision of material resources is not enough to make education effective. The study provides contextually relevant and empirical knowledge on the education of students with disabilities in Pakistan and suggests reform in the system in teacher training, allocation of resources, policy development and support for educators' wellbeing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahnoor Farhan Ali, Nazish Zulfiqar, Pareevish (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understanding Meme Culture: A Content Analysis of Memes as Contemporary Digital Communication
While many studies have discussed the role of memes in communication, there is very little systematic, empirically validated research that has explored the role of memes in the Pakistani online communities. This study examines the role of online memes as a form of communication, the function of multimodal elements in the construction of meaning, and the role of memes in the formation and/or reflection of collective identity and ideology. The study adopts a convergent parallel approach by integrating critical discourse analysis of ten internet memes spread during the 2025 India-Pakistan tensions and the eight semi-structured interviews with participants, using a three-dimensional model by Fairclough as well as multimodal discourse analysis and social semiotics. The results indicate that humor is not an alternative to substantive communication but its main means of expression; political criticism, expression of identity and emotional processing is carried out through the interaction of text, picture, culture and platform resources, all of which are associated with humor. The study offers an empirical description of the Pakistani digital meme culture and suggests that memes are a serious and sophisticated language of public discourse that has implications for media literacy education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahnoor Farhan Ali, Bushra Ali, Haniya Riaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Baha’i Perspective on Prophethood: A Comparative analysis with the Islamic perspective
In the mid-19th century, a significant religious movement emerged, known as the Baha'i Faith. It was founded by Mirza Husayn-Ali Nuri, who is reverently referred to as Baha'u'llah, meaning “Glory of God.” The Babi movement emerged as a new religion with historical roots, evolving from the Shaykhism branch of Twelver Shia Islam. At the core of Baha'i belief is the conviction that Baha'u'llah is the most recent prophet or “Manifestation of God,” although followers acknowledge that he is not the final prophet. They assert that he has heralded a new era of peace and has fulfilled the promises articulated in various sacred texts across different religious traditions. The dogmatic principle of the Baha'i Faith is based on the oneness of God, the unity of all religions, and the inherent oneness of humanity, fostering a global community beyond ethnic and national divides. In Iran, where the faith originated, many Shia leaders view Baha'is as unbelievers, leading to ongoing persecution and a challenging environment for their followers, as well as a threat to Islam. The research paper is based on comparative analysis of the Baha'i Faith and its interpretation of the finality of prophethood in the Islamic context. This qualitative study explores the principles of the Baha'i Faith alongside Islamic teachings. It will also illuminate the nuanced differences in dogmatic beliefs between the two religions. By examining these distinct teachings, this paper seeks to establish the Baha'i Faith as a unique and independent religion, highlighting both its distinct beliefs and its complex relationship with Islam.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rida Ishfaq, Hina Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Trends in Career Decision-Making at the Higher Secondary School Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
This study is aimed at finding the trends in career decision-making among students at higher secondary school level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This study is conducted in District Dir Lower through narrative research design. The population of this study included all the subject specialists at higher secondary school in District Dir Lower. Total of 20-teachers were purposively selected as sample of this study. Data was collected through the conduction of semi-structured interviews and was analyzed thematically by using Clark and Brown six-step approach. From the findings of this, it is concluded that the trends in career decision-making among higher secondary school students in District Lower Dir is greatly tended towards traditional fields such as medical sciences, engineering and competitive civil services due to sustained parental, social and financial pressure. Furthermore, this study also concluded that emerging and innovative career fields have received marginal attention as a result of limited exposure, guidance and counseling at higher secondary school level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. These findings highlight the need for policy reforms in school-based career guidance and counseling services, along with greater investment in infrastructure, teacher training, and awareness programs that can broaden students' understanding of diverse career opportunities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mubarak Shah, Prof. Dr.Iffat Ara Hussain, Khurshid Khan, Stana Din (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
شوریٰ کے متعلق الماوردی اور ابنِ تیمیہ کے افکار و نظریات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
This paper presents an analytical study of the concepts of Shura as articulated by two classical Muslim scholars, Al-Mawardi and Ibn Taymiyyah, and evaluates their relevance for contemporary Islamic governance. Shura, or consultative decision-making, is a foundational principle in Islam. However, its institutional application remains a central debate in modern Muslim polities. By examining the primary works of Al-Mawardi, particularly Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, and the political treatises of Ibn Taymiyyah, this study compares their theoretical frameworks, conditions, and objectives for Shura.The study finds that Al-Mawardi institutionalized Shura within the framework of the Caliphate. He argued that for Shura to be effective and balanced, the selection of advisors must be based strictly on merit. He rejected criteria such as kinship, tribal affiliation, or fame, and instead emphasized knowledge, integrity, and wisdom as the essential qualifications for Ahl al-Shura. For Al-Mawardi, the Caliph’s authority was legitimized through his role as Imam, and Shura functioned as a mechanism to ensure competent counsel in both administrative and ethical matters.In contrast, Ibn Taymiyyah emphasized Shura as a binding constitutional principle that limits autocratic rule. He maintained that the Imam or ruler must be selected by Ahl al-Hall wal-Aqd, a group of qualified Muslims capable of judging according to the Qur’an and Sunnah. He explicitly rejected the concentration of decision. The thoughts and theories of Al-Mawardi and Ibn Taymiyyah present a comprehensive framework of Islamic political thought, jurisprudence, social reform, and fundamental principles, which retain their significance in every era. Al-Mawardi and Ibn Taymiyyah are counted among the great Muslim scholars whose ideas had a profound impact on Islamic history. In the context of modern times, it is very necessary to understand their ideas and apply them so that we can adopt their fundamental thoughts in today’s world.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jahangeer khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dynamic Equivalence and Pragmatic Losses in the Urdu Translation of Emily Dickenson’s A Bird Came Down the Walk: An Analytical Study
English literary texts are widely taught in public sector educational institutions in Pakistan, where many students depend on Urdu translations to understand the prescribed works and to prepare for compulsory English examinations. Although these translations make literary texts more accessible, they often fail to preserve the original meanings, stylistic features, and cultural nuances intended by the authors. This qualitative study examines the issue of meaning loss in the Urdu translation of Emily Dickinson’s renowned poem A Bird Came Down the Walk. The study aims to identify the linguistic, semantic, and stylistic losses that occur during the translation process and to evaluate their effects on the message conveyed to the target audience. The analysis is conducted within the theoretical framework of Eugene Nida’s Dynamic Equivalence Theory, which emphasizes achieving an equivalent response from target readers rather than a literal word-for-word translation. A comparative textual analysis of the original English poem and its Urdu translation reveals that several expressions, poetic images, metaphors, emotions, and stylistic devices are either weakened, altered, or omitted in the translated version. These losses influence readers’ interpretation of the poem and reduce the aesthetic and emotional impact intended by the original author. The findings highlight the need for greater attention to translation quality in educational materials and encourage teachers, students, translators, and publishers to critically evaluate translated literary texts instead of relying on them without scrutiny. The study also underscores the importance of adopting translation strategies that maintain both semantic accuracy and literary beauty, thereby promoting a deeper appreciation and understanding of English literature among Urdu-speaking learners in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Munazza Mufti, Dr. Muhammad Abdullah, Marrium Sayyed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
اہل سنت والجماعت اور امامیہ اثنا عشریہ کے اصولِ روایت میں منہجی اختلافات: ایک تقابلی و تحقیقی مطالعہ
Hadith constitutes one of the fundamental sources of Islamic law and religious thought. Muslim scholarly traditions developed systematic methodologies for its transmission, preservation, authentication, and critical evaluation. Ahl al-Sunnah wa Jama‘ah and the Imami Twelver Shi‘ah both acknowledge the authority of Hadith, the necessity of transmission, the importance of isnad, and the investigation of narrators. Nevertheless, significant methodological differences appear in several core areas of Hadith transmission, including the authority of transmission, the criterion of narrator integrity, the probative value of solitary reports, the formation of Hadith corpora, the principles of al-jarh wa al-ta‘dil, and the role of corroborative indicators in accepting reports. In the Sunni tradition, the Companions are regarded as the primary transmitters of Prophetic Hadith, whereas in the Imami Twelver tradition, the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt hold a central position in the transmission and interpretation of the Prophetic Sunnah. This article presents a comparative and analytical study of these methodological distinctions. It does not aim to refute or prefer one tradition over the other; rather, it seeks to clarify the scholarly foundations, historical background, and methodological structures of both traditions in the field of Hadith transmission.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asghar Hussain, Dr. Muhammad Mehrban Barvi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Philosophical Reformist Education Policy-Shaping the Mondial Generation
This abstract outlines a comprehensive, philosophically grounded "Reformist Education Policy" designed to restructure and modernize the school system through a structured, three-stage continuum: Early School Age (Infant care and Early Academic), Pre-Junior and Junior School Age, and Senior School Age. Rooted in over 14 years of reflective teaching experience, this policy addresses systemic limitations in the contemporary curriculum by advocating for an epistemologically balanced, work-oriented, and holistic pedagogical model. Moving away from an over-reliance on rote learning and exam-centric validation, the proposal theorizes a shift toward existential and practical life skills, integrating continuous qualitative assessment and mandatory vocational training. A critical component is the philosophical reconciliation of technology and human development, advocating for an IT-smart educational ethos while systematically curbing technological alienation and excessive screen time. Furthermore, the policy emphasizes building a strong foundation in core disciplines (Languages, Mathematics, and Science) symbiotically aligned with a profound grounding in religious, ontological, and ethical values. Beyond mere academic instruction, the framework incorporates active co-curricular tracks, civic duties, and social service to foster community cohesion among educators, guardians, and students. Addressing the systemic health of the sector, the study proposes structural reforms in institutional management and teacher welfare, aiming to alleviate state dependency while fostering self-sustainability. Ultimately, this inquiry provides a normative and conceptual roadmap to cultivate a versatile, morally disciplined, and globally competitive generation capable of navigating the modern digital era with absolute practical expertise and intellectual integrity. Keywords: Learning Outcome Points (LOCP), Balanced IT Integration, Vocational Schooling, Three-Stage Education Continuum, Holistic Assessment, Institutional Self-Sustainability, Philosophy of Education, Educational Ethics, Moral Epistemology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sheikh Shohana Sultana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transitivity Patterns in British and Pakistani Election News Reporting: A Comparative Analysis of the Guardian and Dawn
This study examines transitivity patterns in British and Pakistani election news reporting through a comparative corpus-based analysis of the Guardian and Dawn. The study is grounded in Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2013) Systemic Functional Linguistics, particularly the transitivity system, which explains how language represents experience through processes, participants, and circumstances. The main purpose of the study is to identify and compare the frequency of six transitivity process types namely material, mental, relational, verbal, behavioural, and existential in selected election news reports from the two newspapers. The corpus consisted of 1388 clauses from Dawn and 2297 clauses from the Guardian, making a total of 3685 clauses. Each clause was analyzed and classified according to its dominant process type. The findings revealed that material processes were the most frequent in both newspapers, with 731 occurrences in Dawn and 1005 occurrences in the Guardian. Relational processes ranked second in both corpora, followed by mental and verbal processes, while behavioural and existential processes appeared with the lowest frequencies. The results show that election news reporting in both Pakistani and British contexts is mainly action-oriented, as political events, actors, and electoral developments are largely represented through actions and happenings. However, proportional differences indicate that Dawn relied more on material and verbal processes, whereas the Guardian used more relational, mental, and existential processes. The study concludes that transitivity analysis is a useful linguistic tool for comparing political news discourse across different media and cultural contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Huma Ahmed, Behzad Anwar, Uswa Shahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
واقعات سیرت غزوہ احد تا غزوہ احزاب:تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ
The Seerah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ is the luminous chapter of human history that provides complete guidance for every aspect of life. The blessed life of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is not only a source of spiritual and moral training but also presents a comprehensive and balanced system of life in political, military, social, and intellectual spheres. The battles of the Prophet ﷺ are regarded among the most significant events of Seerah because they highlight various dimensions of the consolidation of the Islamic state, the collective training of Muslims, the confrontation against the conspiracies of the enemies of Islam, and the practical implementation of Islamic teachings. The period from the Battle of Uhud to the Battle of Ahzab was an extremely sensitive, decisive, and challenging phase in Islamic history. During this time, Muslims faced external attacks, internal hypocrisy, political conspiracies, and social difficulties; however, the wisdom, insight, patience, and leadership of the Holy Prophet ﷺ transformed every crisis into success and stability. The Battle of Uhud served as a great lesson in obedience, discipline, and collective responsibility for the Muslims, where temporary hardship laid strong foundations for the future of the Muslim community. Similarly, the Battle of Ahzab was a major attack against the Islamic state by a united alliance of Arab disbelievers and Jewish tribes, which demonstrated the political wisdom, military strategy, and unity of the Muslims. These events were not merely military confrontations but also carried profound intellectual, moral, and educational lessons that played a fundamental role in shaping Islamic society. A research-based and analytical study of these battles reveals that the Holy Prophet ﷺ always preferred peace, wisdom, consultation, and justice, and considered war only as a last resort. Furthermore, these events highlight the importance of leadership, patience, sacrifice, collective awareness, and strategic planning against enemy conspiracies. In the contemporary era, when the Muslim world faces various political, social, and intellectual challenges, the events from Uhud to Ahzab can serve as a significant source of unity, steadfastness, and strategic guidance for the Muslim Ummah. Therefore, the research and analytical study of these battles is not only historically important but also highly beneficial and effective in understanding the demands of the modern age and presenting the practical spirit of Islamic thought.
Seerah of the Prophet ﷺ, Battle of Uhud, Battle of Ahzab, Islamic History, Leadership, Islamic State, Military Strategy
Copyright (c) 2025 Adeel Majeed, Dr. Rizwan Younas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dual Functions of Infinitives and Gerunds in Urdu and English: A Paradigm Function Morphology Analysis
This paper examines the role of the infinitives and gerunds of Urdu and English in the light of the theoretical concept of Paradigm Function Morphology developed by Gregory Stump to analyze the dual role of the two forms in both languages. This study aims at explaining the correlation between morphology and function of the forms, especially in cases where a form confers several different functions. An infinitive like “to read” and a gerund like “reading” can be used as a subject, direct object, complement, purpose clause or verbal noun in English. In a similar way, Urdu non-finite forms (also termed as nominal non-distinct forms) may have nominal, verbal, complement or purposive syntactic functioning, depending on the environment, especially verbal noun forms ending in -na e.g. paṛhna (to read/reading). The study follows qualitative and comparative linguistic approach in which some examples are selected from the Urdu and English/L2 to examine relationship between morphological and forms and grammatical functions. The Paradigm Function Morphology is used to explain how the grammatical function is systematically realized in the form of morphology, without assuming it as the usage of the morphology that has no basis. It is claimed that both Urdu and English display multifunctionality of nonfinite verbal forms but the multifunctionality is more explicit in English than in Urdu where it is largely dependent on context, postpositions and the syntactic context. The study will be helpful in comparative morphology, Urdu-English grammar and theoretical linguistics.
Infinitives; Gerunds; Urdu Morphology; English Morphology; Paradigm Function Morphology; Gregory Stump; Non-Finite Verbs; Verbal Nouns; Form–Function Mapping; Comparative Linguistics
Copyright (c) 2025 Iman Fatima, Raza-E- Mustafa, Fazila Kousar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
نبی کریم ﷺ کے ذاتی و ریاستی مالی و انتظامی اخراجات کا جامع، تفصیلی اور تجزیاتی مطالعہ
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the personal and administrative expenditures of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, highlighting the principles and practices that shaped the financial framework of the early Islamic state. The article is divided into two main sections: the first discusses the personal expenses of the Prophet ﷺ, while the second examines his administrative and state expenditures. The first section reveals that the personal financial life of the Prophet ﷺ was marked by simplicity, selflessness, and generosity. Whatever wealth came to him was promptly distributed among the needy, guests, and for social welfare, without any inclination toward accumulation or savings. The Prophet ﷺ consistently prioritized the needs of the poor and vulnerable over his own, often enduring hardship while ensuring the well-being of others. His unmatched generosity is evident in numerous instances where he continued to give even when he possessed very little. The second section explores the administrative expenditures and institutional structure established by the Prophet ﷺ. It highlights the management of public funds, allocation of resources such as zakat and khums, and the development of various state functions including judiciary, education, diplomacy, and public welfare. The Prophet ﷺ established an organized administrative system by appointing scribes, governors, judges, and tax collectors, ensuring accountability and efficiency. Diplomatic relations were maintained through envoys and delegations, while educational initiatives included the promotion of literacy and learning foreign languages. The study concludes that the financial and administrative system of the Prophet ﷺ was balanced, transparent, and welfare-oriented, offering a practical and ethical model that remains relevant for contemporary governance and socio-economic justice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asadullah, Ghulam Qadir Abrari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Middle-Tier Educational Leaders' Role in Implementing Inclusive Education in District West's Public Secondary Schools: A Qualitative Study
Inclusive education remains a global priority (SDG 4), yet its implementation in low-resource settings is hampered by a persistent policy-practice gap. This qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological study examines the role of middle-tier educational leaders—School Heads and Taluka Education Officers (TEOs)—in implementing inclusive education in public secondary schools of District West, Karachi. Semi-structured interviews with 15 purposively sampled leaders reveal that while these leaders express intrinsic commitment to inclusion, their effectiveness is severely constrained by administrative overload (63% of time on compliance tasks), chronic resource scarcity (education budget at 0.8% of GDP), and lack of practical inclusive education literacy. Thematic analysis identifies four core themes: (1) The “Missing Middle” as a strained intermediary; (2) Administrative burden versus instructional leadership; (3) Systemic scarcity and the “missing facilities” crisis; (4) Inclusive leadership fostering teacher agency. The study contributes to international discourse on middle-tier leadership by showing how decentralised autonomy, weighted funding, and context-specific professional development are prerequisites for translating inclusive mandates into classroom realities. Findings offer actionable policy recommendations for Sindh’s Vision 2026 and have implications for other developing countries facing similar implementation challenges.
Inclusive education, middle-tier leadership, instructional leadership, distributed leadership, policy-practice gap, District West Karachi, SDG 4
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Nuzhat Naz, Noman Shehzad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Socio-Demographic Prevalence, Gender Distribution, Risk Factors, and Clinical Implications of Diabetes Mellitus in Barisal Division, Bangladesh
Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a silent epidemic in Bangladesh, particularly in semi-urban and rural regions like the Barisal Division. To effectively address this growing health crisis, understanding the underlying social determinants is critical, which is why this study analyzes the socio-demographic prevalence, gender distribution, risk factors, and clinical implications of diabetes mellitus within the local communities. Utilizing a descriptive, cross-sectional approach, data was gathered from a diverse sample of participants across various districts of Barisal using standardized socio-demographic questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical assessments to evaluate lifestyle factors and clinical management gaps. The findings reveal significant socio-demographic variations in diabetes prevalence, with a notable gender distribution indicating varying vulnerability and access to healthcare between men and women. Key risk factors identified include sedentary lifestyles, dietary transitions, advancing age, and a high prevalence of central obesity, alongside substantial clinical implications and management gaps, particularly regarding poor glycemic control and a lack of structured self-management education. Ultimately, the study highlights that diabetes in Barisal is deeply intertwined with socio-demographic shifts and gendered disparities, meaning that addressing these clinical implications requires tailored public health interventions, improved grassroots healthcare infrastructure, and gender-inclusive awareness programs to mitigate the long-term socio-economic burden.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sajib Kumar Das Bangladesh, Sadia Tabassum Jamy Bangladesh, Marzan Binte Ismail Bangladesh, Mithila Likhi, Faria Islam Arnima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PAKISTAN AS THE PIVOT: REASSESSING SOUTH ASIAN BALANCE OF POWER IN THE US–CHINA RIVALRY
In this article, Pakistan's role as a strategic pivot in the balance of power between the United States and China in South Asia is re-examined. Although the current literature tends to discuss South Asia in the context of either the India-China dyad or the Indo-Pacific strategy, this study is central to Pakistan's persistent geostrategic centrality. Using a combination of theoretical frameworks of realism and regional security complex theory, the article places Pakistan at the center of all of its state alignment decisions, impacting regional stability, global connectivity, and power projection. The sustainability of this study is premised on the U.S strategic repositioning, the Belt and Road Initiative, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), and the hedging policy established in Pakistan, showing that Islamabad is not an inactive by-product of the great power game, or a peripheral player. Instead, it is Pakistan that is redefining South Asian geopolitics by reshaping its role to balance its economic and security needs. This article aims to provide policy suggestions for the Pakistani government to play a mediating role in establishing stability, capitalize on connectivity, and redefine its identity in the evolving multipolar world order.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mr. Fahad Yaqoob Awan, Dr Muhammad Munir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
افتخار احمد افتخار: تعارف اور پس منظر ایک تحقیقی جائزہ
This article presents an analytical overview of the life, intellectual development, and scholarly contributions of Iftikhar Ahmad Iftikhar, the author of Sīrat al-Muzammil, a comprehensive work on the biography of the Prophet Muhammadﷺ . Belonging to the town of Dinga in District Gujrat, Pakistan, Iftikhar Ahmad Iftikhar emerged as a self-motivated scholar whose passion for knowledge led him to undertake extensive research in Islamic studies despite limited formal religious training. His academic journey reflects a combination of modern education and independent religious study, through which he engaged deeply with the Qur’an, Hadith literature, classical works of sīrah, and major historical sources. The article highlights the intellectual background of the author, his educational and professional life, and the circumstances that inspired him to devote many years to writing Sīrat al-Muzammil. The study also examines the vast range of sources used in the compilation of this work, including Qur’anic exegesis, canonical collections of Hadith, classical sīrah literature, and authoritative historical texts. Particular attention is given to the methodological approach of the author, who attempted to present the life of the Prophet ﷺ not merely as a sequence of historical events but as a comprehensive moral, spiritual, and intellectual model for humanity. Furthermore, the article sheds light on Iftikhar Ahmad Iftikhar’s literary output beyond Sīrat al-Muzammil and discusses his personal dedication to scholarship, research, and the dissemination of knowledge. Through this analysis, the study aims to highlight his contribution to contemporary sīrah writing in South Asia and to evaluate the significance of his scholarly efforts in preserving and presenting prophetic biography for modern readers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hafiz Ghulam Rasul Raza, Dr.Muhammad Naveed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
مولانا وحید الدین خاں کا عقلی اسلوبِ تفسیر: تذکیر القرآن کا مطالعہ
This study examines the rational (ʿaqlī) exegetical approach of Maulana Wahiduddin Khan as reflected in his renowned work Tazkir al-Qur’an. The research explores how the author employs intellectual reasoning, reflection on natural phenomena, and contemporary scientific awareness to interpret Qur’anic verses in a manner that resonates with the modern human mind. It analyzes the methodological foundations of his tafsir, particularly his emphasis on tadabbur (deep reflection), universality of the Qur’anic message, and its relevance to contemporary intellectual challenges. The study further evaluates how his approach differs from traditional narrative-based (naqlī) exegesis by prioritizing rational persuasion, internal coherence of the Qur’an, and experiential understanding over extensive reliance on classical reports. Through a qualitative analytical method, selected passages from Tazkir al-Qur’an are examined to highlight the distinctive features of his rational style, including simplicity of language, thematic coherence, and focus on spiritual awakening. The research concludes that Wahiduddin Khan’s rational approach presents a significant contribution to modern Qur’anic studies by bridging the gap between classical Islamic scholarship and contemporary intellectual discourse, making the Qur’an more accessible and meaningful for present-day readers.
Rational Exegesis, Wahiduddin Khan, Tazkir al-Qur’an, Qur’anic Interpretation, Tadabbur, Contemporary Tafsir, Intellectual Approach, Modern Islamic Thought
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Amjid, Dr. Muhammad Naveed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
مغربی علمی روایت میں پیغمبر اسلام کا تصور: مستشرق جان ایل ایسپوزیٹو کی کتاب اسلام دی اسٹریٹ پاتھ کا تنقیدی مطالعہ
Orientalists have written about Islam and the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) in a way that is often illogical. They have consistently attempted to create controversy around Islam and the teachings of the Prophet (PBUH). Initially, their approach was to create doubts among Muslims about their faith, but later they changed their strategy to acknowledge the Prophet (PBUH) as a leader, commander, and successful politician, but not as a prophet or messenger. Most of the objections raised are from people of Jewish and Christian backgrounds, despite these religions being based on revelation. Their views on Islam, the Prophet (PBUH), and revelation are not acceptable to any enlightened society. Human creations are not as enduring as Islam, which remains preserved and relevant today. Despite efforts to erase it, Islam continues to thrive, and the Quran and Hadith remain intact. Many Orientalists have written about the life and character of the Prophet (PBUH), but John L. Esposito, in particular, has expressed a positive view of the Prophet's revelation, life, and character.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Iqbal Haider, Dr. Hafiz Mukhtiar Ahmed Kandhro (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
اسلامی اور مغربی معاشروں میں خواتین کی خود مختاری کے اثرات: ایک تقابلی جائزہ
This study presents a comparative analysis of the effects of female autonomy in Islamic and Western societies. The concept of women’s autonomy differs significantly between these two social frameworks, influenced by distinct cultural, religious, and societal values. In Islamic societies, female autonomy is viewed within the boundaries of Islamic principles, ensuring respect, dignity, and rights for women, while also maintaining certain restrictions to preserve the moral fabric of society. Islam grants women autonomy in various aspects of life, including spiritual, social, and economic domains, but it places emphasis on the notion of balance and responsibility within a structured framework. In contrast, Western societies generally promote female autonomy based on individual freedom, equality, and personal rights. Women in these societies have been granted greater personal liberties, particularly in areas such as education, employment, and politics. However, this unrestricted autonomy sometimes comes with negative consequences, such as the destabilization of family structures, pressures in balancing career and family life, and challenges to traditional gender roles. This study explores the positive and negative effects of women’s autonomy in both contexts, emphasizing its impact on societal stability, family dynamics, and personal well-being. While women’s autonomy in Islamic societies is seen as a balanced approach that ensures social cohesion and individual development within the limits of religious ethics, the Western approach often emphasizes absolute freedom, sometimes leading to unintended social consequences. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of women in modern times, particularly focusing on the growing challenges and opportunities provided by the digital age, which has further reshaped the concept of autonomy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syeda Mahjbeen, Dr Akhtar Hussein Azmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
خانگی امور سے متعلق امثال الحدیث کی عصری معنویت کتاب الامثال للاصبہانی کے تناظر میں
Amdahl al-Hadith represent an effective and simple educational approach in which the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ explained moral, psychological, and social realities through brief and clear examples. Through the use of similes, metaphors, and symbolic expressions, the Prophet ﷺ provided comprehensive guidance for human relationships, especially within the family system. The objective of this research is to examine selected prophetic parables related to marital relations, mutual rights, emotional balance, and ethical conduct, and to understand them in connection with the challenges of the modern era. In today’s world, the family system is under great pressure due to rapid social changes, increasing individualism, and unrealistic expectations, while a lack of tolerance and emotional understanding has further intensified these problems. In such circumstances, the Prophetic parables help in understanding human nature and in establishing healthy and balanced relationships. Similarly, in the light of authentic scholarly works such as Kitāb al-Amthāl, understanding and presenting the Prophetic parables in a contemporary context is highly essential for reviving a strong, dignified, and value-based family system. This approach not only reduces the gap between tradition and modernity but also makes it possible to build a balanced, peaceful, and spiritually grounded family life in today’s complex social environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mudassir Iqbal, Matloob Alam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Woman Empowerment in Islam and Contemporary Challenges
The problem of women empowerment has become the centre of discussion between the secularism and Islam on the role and position of women in their respective societies. Liberal Islamists not only accept the empowerment of women but they promote it too with the use of the Muslim societies without critically examining the issue within the Islamic perspective. The empowerment of women has not been receptive to the Islamic scholarship. This work attempts to lay the groundwork on which the gap in the response in question may be bridged. In that respect, the provided work is based on a qualitative approach. It also resorts to second hand sources of information in analyzing the issue of women empowerment and criticize the important strategies that are employed to promote the same in a Muslim society. The paper then provides an Islamic analysis of women empowerment, and provides a conclusion on the additional action that should be taken.
Prof Dr Matloob Ahmad (Corresponding Author)
Copyright (c) 2026 Rabia Ahmad, Prof Dr Matloob Ahmad (Corresponding Author) (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
اسلامی اور مغربی معاشروں میں خواتین کی عملی حیثیت: ایک موازنہ
This study aims to compare the practical status of women in Islamic and Western societies, focusing on their social, economic, and familial roles. Islamic society views women as equals to men, with defined rights, respect, and a significant role in family and society. Women’s rights in Islam, including education, ownership, and participation in social activities, are highlighted through religious texts, such as the Quran, which emphasizes respect for women and their role in society. In Islamic teachings, women are regarded as essential for the stability of family and community, and their contribution is seen as integral to societal progress. Moreover, Islam upholds women’s rights in marriage, inheritance, and work, ensuring their well-being and dignity. In contrast, Western societies, despite claiming to offer women freedom and equality, often present women through the lens of fashion, beauty, and exploitation. While women in Western cultures are encouraged to pursue careers, education, and personal freedoms, they are still subject to significant challenges such as lower wages, lack of professional opportunities, and increased media objectification. Western feminism has advocated for women's rights, but the cultural portrayal of women often reduces their identity to physical appearance and sexual appeal. This study explores these disparities, highlighting how Western cultural norms often undermine the true freedom of women by commodifying their bodies and reinforcing societal stereotypes. Through a comparative analysis of Islamic and Western societal frameworks, the research demonstrates that while both societies advocate for women's rights, the application and scope of these rights differ substantially. Islamic teachings provide a comprehensive and holistic framework that respects women’s dignity and empowers them, whereas Western notions of freedom often come with underlying exploitation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syeda Mahjabeen, Dr Akhtar Hussain Azmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Negotiating Identity in Migration Spaces: A Postcolonial Reading of Hamid’s Exit West and Rawlence’s City of Thorns
This study examines the theme of identity crisis in refugee narratives through a postcolonial perspective, with particular focus on the novels Exit West by Mohsin Hamid and City of Thorns by Ben Rawlence. Drawing upon the theoretical framework of Homi K. Bhabha, particularly his concepts of hybridity, mimicry, and Third Space, this research study investigates how forced migration molds and reshapes the pattern refugees’ sense of self, belonging, their identity, and specifically their cultural identity. Using textual and thematic analysis as an analytical framework, the researcher in this study explores the way displacement and forced migration destabilizes the established identities and compels the refugees to negotiate between preserving their cultural roots, their norms, and adapting to a totally new social environment. The findings of this study suggest that migration does not simply produce a psychological sense of loss rather, it also generates complex, and hybrid identities that reflect ongoing tensions between memory, home, and survival. Both the texts in this study illustrate that identity crisis emerges not only from personal trauma but also from broader structural inequalities embedded in a globalized and post-colonial world order. The study concludes that interpreting refugee narratives through a postcolonial lens deepens our understanding of the transformative impact of displacement. At the same time, it highlights the resilience, adaptability, and evolving selfhood of displaced individuals who reconstruct meaning and belonging in unfamiliar spaces. By situating identity within historical, political, and cultural contexts, this research contributes to contemporary discussions on migration, globalization, and human agency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syed Zahid Ali Shah, Dr. Sabir Hussain, Dr. Pinkish Zahra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
امام محمد الشیبانیؒ کا اسلوبِ تدوین فقہ – کتاب الاصل کے تناظر میں
Imam Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybānī (d. 189 AH) occupies a central place in the history of Islamic jurisprudence as one of the foremost codifiers of Ḥanafī fiqh. His seminal work, Kitāb al-Aṣl, represents one of the earliest systematic and comprehensive efforts to compile juristic rulings in a structured manner. In this work, Imam Muhammad begins each chapter with authoritative reports from the Companions and Successors, followed by the legal opinions of his teachers, Imam Abū Ḥanīfah and Imam Abū Yūsuf, while elaborating on subsidiary issues with remarkable depth. He also records the views of contemporary jurists such as Imam Ibn Abī Laylā in cases of disagreement, presenting comparative discussions and providing reasoned preferences. The significance of Kitāb al-Aṣl lies in its methodological clarity, strength of legal reasoning, comprehensive coverage of issues, and accessible style of expression. It laid the foundation for the continuity and intellectual expansion of Ḥanafī jurisprudence and became a primary reference for later juristic works, including al-Shaybānī’s own al-Mabsūṭ and beyond. In contemporary contexts, its methodological approach continues to serve as a model for the codification of Islamic law, emphasizing systematic arrangement, reliance on transmitted reports, and the exercise of juristic reasoning to address evolving practical issues.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kubra Begum, Dr Najam Ud Din Kokab Hashmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Introduction to Imam al-Baghawī and a Research Based Study of His Scholarly Contributions
Despite Imam Ḥusayn b. Masʿūd al-Baghawī (d. 516 AH) being widely cited in classical Islamic literature, modern scholarship has largely treated his legacy in a fragmented and descriptive manner, often focusing on individual works without a systematic evaluation of his integrated scholarly methodology. This article addresses this gap by offering a holistic and critical analysis of al-Baghawī’s intellectual project across Qurʾānic exegesis, ḥadīth studies, and Shāfiʿī jurisprudence, situating his contributions within the intellectual landscape of fifth-century Khurāsān. Drawing on primary biographical sources and close textual analysis of his major works, particularly Maʿālim al-Tanzīl, Sharḥ al-Sunnah, and Maṣābīḥ al-Sunnah, the study demonstrates that al-Baghawī developed a coherent methodological framework grounded in textual authenticity, transmission-based interpretation, and deliberate restraint from speculative theological discourse. The article argues that his exegetical practice represents a consciously moderate synthesis of riwāyah and dirāyah, while his ḥadīth scholarship reflects an early effort toward pedagogical systematization of the Sunnah for both scholarly and instructional purposes. Furthermore, the study challenges the prevailing assumption of al-Baghawī as a strictly madhhab-bound jurist by showing that, although affiliated with the Shāfiʿī school, he consistently prioritized evidentiary strength over doctrinal conformity. By foregrounding al-Baghawī’s methodological unity across disciplines, this article contributes to a deeper understanding of classical Sunni epistemology and repositions him as a central figure in the formation of moderate and text-centered Islamic scholarship.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abid Saeed, Dr Hafiz Muhammad Ramzan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
قانون سازی کے اصول: امام شاہ ولی اللہ محدث دہلویؒ کا فکری منہج
This article examines the principles of legislation through the intellectual methodology of Imam Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dehlavi (رحمہ اللہ), one of the most influential Islamic thinkers of the Indo-Muslim world. Imam Shah Waliullah developed a comprehensive legal and philosophical framework that sought to revive Islamic law by reconnecting it with its foundational objectives, social realities, and moral purposes. The most important underlying theme of law making principles for him was Istehsan (ease). The study highlights that, the principles of law should be flexible, must not contain extra restrictions, making difficult to abide by. according to Shah Waliullah, legislation must remain firmly rooted in the Qur’an and Sunnah while simultaneously addressing societal needs through ijtihad, maslahah (public interest), and recognized custom (‘urf). Central to his legal thought is the concept of Masleha Kulliya ( collective goodness). The article argues that Imam Shah Waliullah’s intellectual methodology offers a balanced and pragmatic model for contemporary Islamic legislation. His thought provides valuable guidance for modern Muslim societies seeking to harmonize classical Islamic legal principles with contemporary legal, social, and ethical challenges.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Hafsa Abbasi, Kiran Lateef (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0