Welcome to Scholar Insight Journal Scholar Insight Journal (HEC Pakistan, Y Category: 1st October 2024 – 31st March 2026) is a peer-reviewed, quarterly (4 issues per year) academic publication dedicated to advancing knowledge and critical understanding in the broad domain of Arts & Humanities (Miscellaneous). The journal provides a dynamic platform for rigorous scholarly inquiry, publishing original research across a diverse spectrum of disciplines including , Arabic, Urdu, English, Islamic Studies, Religious Studies, Languages, etc and related fields. At Scholar Insight Journal, we are committed to fostering intellectual exchange by encouraging innovative research methodologies and diverse theoretical frameworks. Our editorial board, comprising distinguished scholars and researchers from across the globe, upholds the highest standards of academic integrity, ensuring a transparent and robust double-blind peer review process. Open Access Policy Scholar Insight Journal is an open access journal. All articles are freely available to readers without subscription or paywall barriers. Copyright & Licensing Authors retain the copyright of their work. All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Archiving & Preservation The journal ensures long-term digital preservation through LOCKSS, CLOCKSS, and PKP Preservation Network (PKP PN). Through our publications, we strive to: Disseminate cutting-edge research findings, Promote interdisciplinary dialogue, and Address contemporary challenges within the social sciences and humanities. Whether you are a seasoned academic, an early-career researcher, or a practitioner seeking deeper insights, Scholar Insight Journal invites you to engage with its wealth of knowledge and scholarly contributions. Join us in our mission to promote excellence in research and contribute meaningfully to the evolving landscape of Arts & Humanities. ISSN(Online): 3006-9785 ISSN(Print): 3007-245X
Authors retain the copyright of their work. All articles in Scholar Insight Journal are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license permits anyone to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, and to use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the author(s) or the publisher, provided proper attribution is given to the original work.
Philosophical Reformist Education Policy-Shaping the Mondial Generation
This abstract outlines a comprehensive, philosophically grounded "Reformist Education Policy" designed to restructure and modernize the school system through a structured, three-stage continuum: Early School Age (Infant care and Early Academic), Pre-Junior and Junior School Age, and Senior School Age. Rooted in over 14 years of reflective teaching experience, this policy addresses systemic limitations in the contemporary curriculum by advocating for an epistemologically balanced, work-oriented, and holistic pedagogical model. Moving away from an over-reliance on rote learning and exam-centric validation, the proposal theorizes a shift toward existential and practical life skills, integrating continuous qualitative assessment and mandatory vocational training. A critical component is the philosophical reconciliation of technology and human development, advocating for an IT-smart educational ethos while systematically curbing technological alienation and excessive screen time. Furthermore, the policy emphasizes building a strong foundation in core disciplines (Languages, Mathematics, and Science) symbiotically aligned with a profound grounding in religious, ontological, and ethical values. Beyond mere academic instruction, the framework incorporates active co-curricular tracks, civic duties, and social service to foster community cohesion among educators, guardians, and students. Addressing the systemic health of the sector, the study proposes structural reforms in institutional management and teacher welfare, aiming to alleviate state dependency while fostering self-sustainability. Ultimately, this inquiry provides a normative and conceptual roadmap to cultivate a versatile, morally disciplined, and globally competitive generation capable of navigating the modern digital era with absolute practical expertise and intellectual integrity. Keywords: Learning Outcome Points (LOCP), Balanced IT Integration, Vocational Schooling, Three-Stage Education Continuum, Holistic Assessment, Institutional Self-Sustainability, Philosophy of Education, Educational Ethics, Moral Epistemology.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Scholar Insight Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transitivity Patterns in British and Pakistani Election News Reporting: A Comparative Analysis of the Guardian and Dawn
This study examines transitivity patterns in British and Pakistani election news reporting through a comparative corpus-based analysis of the Guardian and Dawn. The study is grounded in Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2013) Systemic Functional Linguistics, particularly the transitivity system, which explains how language represents experience through processes, participants, and circumstances. The main purpose of the study is to identify and compare the frequency of six transitivity process types namely material, mental, relational, verbal, behavioural, and existential in selected election news reports from the two newspapers. The corpus consisted of 1388 clauses from Dawn and 2297 clauses from the Guardian, making a total of 3685 clauses. Each clause was analyzed and classified according to its dominant process type. The findings revealed that material processes were the most frequent in both newspapers, with 731 occurrences in Dawn and 1005 occurrences in the Guardian. Relational processes ranked second in both corpora, followed by mental and verbal processes, while behavioural and existential processes appeared with the lowest frequencies. The results show that election news reporting in both Pakistani and British contexts is mainly action-oriented, as political events, actors, and electoral developments are largely represented through actions and happenings. However, proportional differences indicate that Dawn relied more on material and verbal processes, whereas the Guardian used more relational, mental, and existential processes. The study concludes that transitivity analysis is a useful linguistic tool for comparing political news discourse across different media and cultural contexts.
واقعات سیرت غزوہ احد تا غزوہ احزاب:تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ
The Seerah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ is the luminous chapter of human history that provides complete guidance for every aspect of life. The blessed life of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is not only a source of spiritual and moral training but also presents a comprehensive and balanced system of life in political, military, social, and intellectual spheres. The battles of the Prophet ﷺ are regarded among the most significant events of Seerah because they highlight various dimensions of the consolidation of the Islamic state, the collective training of Muslims, the confrontation against the conspiracies of the enemies of Islam, and the practical implementation of Islamic teachings. The period from the Battle of Uhud to the Battle of Ahzab was an extremely sensitive, decisive, and challenging phase in Islamic history. During this time, Muslims faced external attacks, internal hypocrisy, political conspiracies, and social difficulties; however, the wisdom, insight, patience, and leadership of the Holy Prophet ﷺ transformed every crisis into success and stability. The Battle of Uhud served as a great lesson in obedience, discipline, and collective responsibility for the Muslims, where temporary hardship laid strong foundations for the future of the Muslim community. Similarly, the Battle of Ahzab was a major attack against the Islamic state by a united alliance of Arab disbelievers and Jewish tribes, which demonstrated the political wisdom, military strategy, and unity of the Muslims. These events were not merely military confrontations but also carried profound intellectual, moral, and educational lessons that played a fundamental role in shaping Islamic society. A research-based and analytical study of these battles reveals that the Holy Prophet ﷺ always preferred peace, wisdom, consultation, and justice, and considered war only as a last resort. Furthermore, these events highlight the importance of leadership, patience, sacrifice, collective awareness, and strategic planning against enemy conspiracies. In the contemporary era, when the Muslim world faces various political, social, and intellectual challenges, the events from Uhud to Ahzab can serve as a significant source of unity, steadfastness, and strategic guidance for the Muslim Ummah. Therefore, the research and analytical study of these battles is not only historically important but also highly beneficial and effective in understanding the demands of the modern age and presenting the practical spirit of Islamic thought.
Seerah of the Prophet ﷺ, Battle of Uhud, Battle of Ahzab, Islamic History, Leadership, Islamic State, Military Strategy
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Scholar Insight Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dual Functions of Infinitives and Gerunds in Urdu and English: A Paradigm Function Morphology Analysis
This paper examines the role of the infinitives and gerunds of Urdu and English in the light of the theoretical concept of Paradigm Function Morphology developed by Gregory Stump to analyze the dual role of the two forms in both languages. This study aims at explaining the correlation between morphology and function of the forms, especially in cases where a form confers several different functions. An infinitive like “to read” and a gerund like “reading” can be used as a subject, direct object, complement, purpose clause or verbal noun in English. In a similar way, Urdu non-finite forms (also termed as nominal non-distinct forms) may have nominal, verbal, complement or purposive syntactic functioning, depending on the environment, especially verbal noun forms ending in -na e.g. paṛhna (to read/reading). The study follows qualitative and comparative linguistic approach in which some examples are selected from the Urdu and English/L2 to examine relationship between morphological and forms and grammatical functions. The Paradigm Function Morphology is used to explain how the grammatical function is systematically realized in the form of morphology, without assuming it as the usage of the morphology that has no basis. It is claimed that both Urdu and English display multifunctionality of nonfinite verbal forms but the multifunctionality is more explicit in English than in Urdu where it is largely dependent on context, postpositions and the syntactic context. The study will be helpful in comparative morphology, Urdu-English grammar and theoretical linguistics.
Infinitives; Gerunds; Urdu Morphology; English Morphology; Paradigm Function Morphology; Gregory Stump; Non-Finite Verbs; Verbal Nouns; Form–Function Mapping; Comparative Linguistics
Middle-Tier Educational Leaders' Role in Implementing Inclusive Education in District West's Public Secondary Schools: A Qualitative Study
Inclusive education remains a global priority (SDG 4), yet its implementation in low-resource settings is hampered by a persistent policy-practice gap. This qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological study examines the role of middle-tier educational leaders—School Heads and Taluka Education Officers (TEOs)—in implementing inclusive education in public secondary schools of District West, Karachi. Semi-structured interviews with 15 purposively sampled leaders reveal that while these leaders express intrinsic commitment to inclusion, their effectiveness is severely constrained by administrative overload (63% of time on compliance tasks), chronic resource scarcity (education budget at 0.8% of GDP), and lack of practical inclusive education literacy. Thematic analysis identifies four core themes: (1) The “Missing Middle” as a strained intermediary; (2) Administrative burden versus instructional leadership; (3) Systemic scarcity and the “missing facilities” crisis; (4) Inclusive leadership fostering teacher agency. The study contributes to international discourse on middle-tier leadership by showing how decentralised autonomy, weighted funding, and context-specific professional development are prerequisites for translating inclusive mandates into classroom realities. Findings offer actionable policy recommendations for Sindh’s Vision 2026 and have implications for other developing countries facing similar implementation challenges.
Inclusive education, middle-tier leadership, instructional leadership, distributed leadership, policy-practice gap, District West Karachi, SDG 4
Socio-Demographic Prevalence, Gender Distribution, Risk Factors, and Clinical Implications of Diabetes Mellitus in Barisal Division, Bangladesh
Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a silent epidemic in Bangladesh, particularly in semi-urban and rural regions like the Barisal Division. To effectively address this growing health crisis, understanding the underlying social determinants is critical, which is why this study analyzes the socio-demographic prevalence, gender distribution, risk factors, and clinical implications of diabetes mellitus within the local communities. Utilizing a descriptive, cross-sectional approach, data was gathered from a diverse sample of participants across various districts of Barisal using standardized socio-demographic questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical assessments to evaluate lifestyle factors and clinical management gaps. The findings reveal significant socio-demographic variations in diabetes prevalence, with a notable gender distribution indicating varying vulnerability and access to healthcare between men and women. Key risk factors identified include sedentary lifestyles, dietary transitions, advancing age, and a high prevalence of central obesity, alongside substantial clinical implications and management gaps, particularly regarding poor glycemic control and a lack of structured self-management education. Ultimately, the study highlights that diabetes in Barisal is deeply intertwined with socio-demographic shifts and gendered disparities, meaning that addressing these clinical implications requires tailored public health interventions, improved grassroots healthcare infrastructure, and gender-inclusive awareness programs to mitigate the long-term socio-economic burden.
PAKISTAN AS THE PIVOT: REASSESSING SOUTH ASIAN BALANCE OF POWER IN THE US–CHINA RIVALRY
In this article, Pakistan's role as a strategic pivot in the balance of power between the United States and China in South Asia is re-examined. Although the current literature tends to discuss South Asia in the context of either the India-China dyad or the Indo-Pacific strategy, this study is central to Pakistan's persistent geostrategic centrality. Using a combination of theoretical frameworks of realism and regional security complex theory, the article places Pakistan at the center of all of its state alignment decisions, impacting regional stability, global connectivity, and power projection. The sustainability of this study is premised on the U.S strategic repositioning, the Belt and Road Initiative, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), and the hedging policy established in Pakistan, showing that Islamabad is not an inactive by-product of the great power game, or a peripheral player. Instead, it is Pakistan that is redefining South Asian geopolitics by reshaping its role to balance its economic and security needs. This article aims to provide policy suggestions for the Pakistani government to play a mediating role in establishing stability, capitalize on connectivity, and redefine its identity in the evolving multipolar world order.
افتخار احمد افتخار: تعارف اور پس منظر ایک تحقیقی جائزہ
This article presents an analytical overview of the life, intellectual development, and scholarly contributions of Iftikhar Ahmad Iftikhar, the author of Sīrat al-Muzammil, a comprehensive work on the biography of the Prophet Muhammadﷺ . Belonging to the town of Dinga in District Gujrat, Pakistan, Iftikhar Ahmad Iftikhar emerged as a self-motivated scholar whose passion for knowledge led him to undertake extensive research in Islamic studies despite limited formal religious training. His academic journey reflects a combination of modern education and independent religious study, through which he engaged deeply with the Qur’an, Hadith literature, classical works of sīrah, and major historical sources. The article highlights the intellectual background of the author, his educational and professional life, and the circumstances that inspired him to devote many years to writing Sīrat al-Muzammil. The study also examines the vast range of sources used in the compilation of this work, including Qur’anic exegesis, canonical collections of Hadith, classical sīrah literature, and authoritative historical texts. Particular attention is given to the methodological approach of the author, who attempted to present the life of the Prophet ﷺ not merely as a sequence of historical events but as a comprehensive moral, spiritual, and intellectual model for humanity. Furthermore, the article sheds light on Iftikhar Ahmad Iftikhar’s literary output beyond Sīrat al-Muzammil and discusses his personal dedication to scholarship, research, and the dissemination of knowledge. Through this analysis, the study aims to highlight his contribution to contemporary sīrah writing in South Asia and to evaluate the significance of his scholarly efforts in preserving and presenting prophetic biography for modern readers.
مولانا وحید الدین خاں کا عقلی اسلوبِ تفسیر: تذکیر القرآن کا مطالعہ
This study examines the rational (ʿaqlī) exegetical approach of Maulana Wahiduddin Khan as reflected in his renowned work Tazkir al-Qur’an. The research explores how the author employs intellectual reasoning, reflection on natural phenomena, and contemporary scientific awareness to interpret Qur’anic verses in a manner that resonates with the modern human mind. It analyzes the methodological foundations of his tafsir, particularly his emphasis on tadabbur (deep reflection), universality of the Qur’anic message, and its relevance to contemporary intellectual challenges. The study further evaluates how his approach differs from traditional narrative-based (naqlī) exegesis by prioritizing rational persuasion, internal coherence of the Qur’an, and experiential understanding over extensive reliance on classical reports. Through a qualitative analytical method, selected passages from Tazkir al-Qur’an are examined to highlight the distinctive features of his rational style, including simplicity of language, thematic coherence, and focus on spiritual awakening. The research concludes that Wahiduddin Khan’s rational approach presents a significant contribution to modern Qur’anic studies by bridging the gap between classical Islamic scholarship and contemporary intellectual discourse, making the Qur’an more accessible and meaningful for present-day readers.
Rational Exegesis, Wahiduddin Khan, Tazkir al-Qur’an, Qur’anic Interpretation, Tadabbur, Contemporary Tafsir, Intellectual Approach, Modern Islamic Thought
مغربی علمی روایت میں پیغمبر اسلام کا تصور: مستشرق جان ایل ایسپوزیٹو کی کتاب اسلام دی اسٹریٹ پاتھ کا تنقیدی مطالعہ
Orientalists have written about Islam and the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) in a way that is often illogical. They have consistently attempted to create controversy around Islam and the teachings of the Prophet (PBUH). Initially, their approach was to create doubts among Muslims about their faith, but later they changed their strategy to acknowledge the Prophet (PBUH) as a leader, commander, and successful politician, but not as a prophet or messenger. Most of the objections raised are from people of Jewish and Christian backgrounds, despite these religions being based on revelation. Their views on Islam, the Prophet (PBUH), and revelation are not acceptable to any enlightened society. Human creations are not as enduring as Islam, which remains preserved and relevant today. Despite efforts to erase it, Islam continues to thrive, and the Quran and Hadith remain intact. Many Orientalists have written about the life and character of the Prophet (PBUH), but John L. Esposito, in particular, has expressed a positive view of the Prophet's revelation, life, and character.
اسلامی اور مغربی معاشروں میں خواتین کی خود مختاری کے اثرات: ایک تقابلی جائزہ
This study presents a comparative analysis of the effects of female autonomy in Islamic and Western societies. The concept of women’s autonomy differs significantly between these two social frameworks, influenced by distinct cultural, religious, and societal values. In Islamic societies, female autonomy is viewed within the boundaries of Islamic principles, ensuring respect, dignity, and rights for women, while also maintaining certain restrictions to preserve the moral fabric of society. Islam grants women autonomy in various aspects of life, including spiritual, social, and economic domains, but it places emphasis on the notion of balance and responsibility within a structured framework. In contrast, Western societies generally promote female autonomy based on individual freedom, equality, and personal rights. Women in these societies have been granted greater personal liberties, particularly in areas such as education, employment, and politics. However, this unrestricted autonomy sometimes comes with negative consequences, such as the destabilization of family structures, pressures in balancing career and family life, and challenges to traditional gender roles. This study explores the positive and negative effects of women’s autonomy in both contexts, emphasizing its impact on societal stability, family dynamics, and personal well-being. While women’s autonomy in Islamic societies is seen as a balanced approach that ensures social cohesion and individual development within the limits of religious ethics, the Western approach often emphasizes absolute freedom, sometimes leading to unintended social consequences. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of women in modern times, particularly focusing on the growing challenges and opportunities provided by the digital age, which has further reshaped the concept of autonomy.
خانگی امور سے متعلق امثال الحدیث کی عصری معنویت کتاب الامثال للاصبہانی کے تناظر میں
Amdahl al-Hadith represent an effective and simple educational approach in which the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ explained moral, psychological, and social realities through brief and clear examples. Through the use of similes, metaphors, and symbolic expressions, the Prophet ﷺ provided comprehensive guidance for human relationships, especially within the family system. The objective of this research is to examine selected prophetic parables related to marital relations, mutual rights, emotional balance, and ethical conduct, and to understand them in connection with the challenges of the modern era. In today’s world, the family system is under great pressure due to rapid social changes, increasing individualism, and unrealistic expectations, while a lack of tolerance and emotional understanding has further intensified these problems. In such circumstances, the Prophetic parables help in understanding human nature and in establishing healthy and balanced relationships. Similarly, in the light of authentic scholarly works such as Kitāb al-Amthāl, understanding and presenting the Prophetic parables in a contemporary context is highly essential for reviving a strong, dignified, and value-based family system. This approach not only reduces the gap between tradition and modernity but also makes it possible to build a balanced, peaceful, and spiritually grounded family life in today’s complex social environment.
Woman Empowerment in Islam and Contemporary Challenges
The problem of women empowerment has become the centre of discussion between the secularism and Islam on the role and position of women in their respective societies. Liberal Islamists not only accept the empowerment of women but they promote it too with the use of the Muslim societies without critically examining the issue within the Islamic perspective. The empowerment of women has not been receptive to the Islamic scholarship. This work attempts to lay the groundwork on which the gap in the response in question may be bridged. In that respect, the provided work is based on a qualitative approach. It also resorts to second hand sources of information in analyzing the issue of women empowerment and criticize the important strategies that are employed to promote the same in a Muslim society. The paper then provides an Islamic analysis of women empowerment, and provides a conclusion on the additional action that should be taken.
Prof Dr Matloob Ahmad (Corresponding Author)
اسلامی اور مغربی معاشروں میں خواتین کی عملی حیثیت: ایک موازنہ
This study aims to compare the practical status of women in Islamic and Western societies, focusing on their social, economic, and familial roles. Islamic society views women as equals to men, with defined rights, respect, and a significant role in family and society. Women’s rights in Islam, including education, ownership, and participation in social activities, are highlighted through religious texts, such as the Quran, which emphasizes respect for women and their role in society. In Islamic teachings, women are regarded as essential for the stability of family and community, and their contribution is seen as integral to societal progress. Moreover, Islam upholds women’s rights in marriage, inheritance, and work, ensuring their well-being and dignity. In contrast, Western societies, despite claiming to offer women freedom and equality, often present women through the lens of fashion, beauty, and exploitation. While women in Western cultures are encouraged to pursue careers, education, and personal freedoms, they are still subject to significant challenges such as lower wages, lack of professional opportunities, and increased media objectification. Western feminism has advocated for women's rights, but the cultural portrayal of women often reduces their identity to physical appearance and sexual appeal. This study explores these disparities, highlighting how Western cultural norms often undermine the true freedom of women by commodifying their bodies and reinforcing societal stereotypes. Through a comparative analysis of Islamic and Western societal frameworks, the research demonstrates that while both societies advocate for women's rights, the application and scope of these rights differ substantially. Islamic teachings provide a comprehensive and holistic framework that respects women’s dignity and empowers them, whereas Western notions of freedom often come with underlying exploitation.
Negotiating Identity in Migration Spaces: A Postcolonial Reading of Hamid’s Exit West and Rawlence’s City of Thorns
This study examines the theme of identity crisis in refugee narratives through a postcolonial perspective, with particular focus on the novels Exit West by Mohsin Hamid and City of Thorns by Ben Rawlence. Drawing upon the theoretical framework of Homi K. Bhabha, particularly his concepts of hybridity, mimicry, and Third Space, this research study investigates how forced migration molds and reshapes the pattern refugees’ sense of self, belonging, their identity, and specifically their cultural identity. Using textual and thematic analysis as an analytical framework, the researcher in this study explores the way displacement and forced migration destabilizes the established identities and compels the refugees to negotiate between preserving their cultural roots, their norms, and adapting to a totally new social environment. The findings of this study suggest that migration does not simply produce a psychological sense of loss rather, it also generates complex, and hybrid identities that reflect ongoing tensions between memory, home, and survival. Both the texts in this study illustrate that identity crisis emerges not only from personal trauma but also from broader structural inequalities embedded in a globalized and post-colonial world order. The study concludes that interpreting refugee narratives through a postcolonial lens deepens our understanding of the transformative impact of displacement. At the same time, it highlights the resilience, adaptability, and evolving selfhood of displaced individuals who reconstruct meaning and belonging in unfamiliar spaces. By situating identity within historical, political, and cultural contexts, this research contributes to contemporary discussions on migration, globalization, and human agency.
امام محمد الشیبانیؒ کا اسلوبِ تدوین فقہ – کتاب الاصل کے تناظر میں
Imam Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybānī (d. 189 AH) occupies a central place in the history of Islamic jurisprudence as one of the foremost codifiers of Ḥanafī fiqh. His seminal work, Kitāb al-Aṣl, represents one of the earliest systematic and comprehensive efforts to compile juristic rulings in a structured manner. In this work, Imam Muhammad begins each chapter with authoritative reports from the Companions and Successors, followed by the legal opinions of his teachers, Imam Abū Ḥanīfah and Imam Abū Yūsuf, while elaborating on subsidiary issues with remarkable depth. He also records the views of contemporary jurists such as Imam Ibn Abī Laylā in cases of disagreement, presenting comparative discussions and providing reasoned preferences. The significance of Kitāb al-Aṣl lies in its methodological clarity, strength of legal reasoning, comprehensive coverage of issues, and accessible style of expression. It laid the foundation for the continuity and intellectual expansion of Ḥanafī jurisprudence and became a primary reference for later juristic works, including al-Shaybānī’s own al-Mabsūṭ and beyond. In contemporary contexts, its methodological approach continues to serve as a model for the codification of Islamic law, emphasizing systematic arrangement, reliance on transmitted reports, and the exercise of juristic reasoning to address evolving practical issues.
An Introduction to Imam al-Baghawī and a Research Based Study of His Scholarly Contributions
Despite Imam Ḥusayn b. Masʿūd al-Baghawī (d. 516 AH) being widely cited in classical Islamic literature, modern scholarship has largely treated his legacy in a fragmented and descriptive manner, often focusing on individual works without a systematic evaluation of his integrated scholarly methodology. This article addresses this gap by offering a holistic and critical analysis of al-Baghawī’s intellectual project across Qurʾānic exegesis, ḥadīth studies, and Shāfiʿī jurisprudence, situating his contributions within the intellectual landscape of fifth-century Khurāsān. Drawing on primary biographical sources and close textual analysis of his major works, particularly Maʿālim al-Tanzīl, Sharḥ al-Sunnah, and Maṣābīḥ al-Sunnah, the study demonstrates that al-Baghawī developed a coherent methodological framework grounded in textual authenticity, transmission-based interpretation, and deliberate restraint from speculative theological discourse. The article argues that his exegetical practice represents a consciously moderate synthesis of riwāyah and dirāyah, while his ḥadīth scholarship reflects an early effort toward pedagogical systematization of the Sunnah for both scholarly and instructional purposes. Furthermore, the study challenges the prevailing assumption of al-Baghawī as a strictly madhhab-bound jurist by showing that, although affiliated with the Shāfiʿī school, he consistently prioritized evidentiary strength over doctrinal conformity. By foregrounding al-Baghawī’s methodological unity across disciplines, this article contributes to a deeper understanding of classical Sunni epistemology and repositions him as a central figure in the formation of moderate and text-centered Islamic scholarship.
قانون سازی کے اصول: امام شاہ ولی اللہ محدث دہلویؒ کا فکری منہج
This article examines the principles of legislation through the intellectual methodology of Imam Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dehlavi (رحمہ اللہ), one of the most influential Islamic thinkers of the Indo-Muslim world. Imam Shah Waliullah developed a comprehensive legal and philosophical framework that sought to revive Islamic law by reconnecting it with its foundational objectives, social realities, and moral purposes. The most important underlying theme of law making principles for him was Istehsan (ease). The study highlights that, the principles of law should be flexible, must not contain extra restrictions, making difficult to abide by. according to Shah Waliullah, legislation must remain firmly rooted in the Qur’an and Sunnah while simultaneously addressing societal needs through ijtihad, maslahah (public interest), and recognized custom (‘urf). Central to his legal thought is the concept of Masleha Kulliya ( collective goodness). The article argues that Imam Shah Waliullah’s intellectual methodology offers a balanced and pragmatic model for contemporary Islamic legislation. His thought provides valuable guidance for modern Muslim societies seeking to harmonize classical Islamic legal principles with contemporary legal, social, and ethical challenges.
انضباطِ مبہم و امتیازِ مشکل: اصولِ تخریجِ احکام کا ایک کیفیت و اصولی مطالعہ روشنی میں
This study presents a qualitative and usulī analysis of the principles of “Ambiguity Regulation” (Inzibat al-Mubham) and “Distinction of Complex Cases” (Imtiyaz al-Mushkil) in Islamic jurisprudence. These principles guide the extraction and application of rulings from Sharīʿah texts when the wording of the text is general, ambiguous, or potentially applicable to multiple scenarios. Often, a term or title (e.g., Sariq - thief) is mentioned without specifying conditions, thresholds, or contexts, requiring jurists to identify essential distinctions, conditions, and operational definitions. The study demonstrates that methods such as classification of types, attention to specific characteristics, reference to social custom (ʿurf), and differentiation through apparent or dominant forms, are essential for precise legal derivation. Examples from theft (sariqah), extravagance (taʿayyush), and marriage versus illicit sexual relations illustrate these methodologies. The findings underscore that jurisprudential precision involves not only textual interpretation but also the integration of context, purpose, customary practices, and practical indicators, ensuring that rulings are both doctrinally sound and socially implementable. This framework highlights the practical and systematic nature of usul al-takhreej and its critical role in harmonizing textual guidance with real-world applicability.
SHARIAH ANALYSIS OF QANUN-E-SHAHADAT ORDER AND APPLICATION OF CLASSICAL QARĪNA DOCTRINES ON ELECTRONIC-EVIDENCE
The advent of digital technology has transformed the evidentiary landscape, presenting unique challenges for legal systems grounded in classical doctrines. This article undertakes a Shariah-based analysis of Pakistan’s Qanun-e-Shahadat Order (QSO), 1984, with particular focus on its treatment of electronic evidence. It examines how traditional Islamic principles of proof, especially the classical doctrine of Qarīna (presumptions and inferential evidence), can inform the admissibility, credibility, and weight of electronic records such as emails, digital contracts, and forensic data. By juxtaposing the QSO provisions with classical qarīna concepts, the study identifies convergences and gaps, highlighting areas where contemporary judicial practice may benefit from Shariah-guided reasoning. The article also discusses methodological challenges in interpreting electronic evidence under both statutory and Shariah frameworks, emphasizing principles such as certainty (yaqin), corroboration, and avoidance of unjust assumptions. Through case law analysis and doctrinal comparison, it proposes a harmonized approach that respects the integrity of Islamic evidentiary standards while addressing the technical complexities of digital proof. The findings underscore the potential for classical qarīna doctrines to enrich modern evidentiary evaluation, ensuring justice, reliability, and fairness in the digital age.
عصرِ حاضر کا نظامِ تعلیم اور خواتین کی تعلیم و تربیت کا مسئلہ اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ
Education is central to shaping societies, and Islam places equal emphasis on the pursuit of knowledge for both men and women. In Muslim societies, however, the modern education system has been shaped largely by Western paradigms, creating a disconnect between contemporary practices and Islamic values. This research critically examines the challenges of women’s education and character formation within this context, while proposing solutions grounded in Islamic teachings. The study explores the historical development of the modern education system and evaluates its compatibility with the Islamic worldview. It highlights the structural and moral challenges faced by Muslim women—such as curriculum content, institutional culture, and the lack of integration between academic learning and spiritual training. Drawing upon the Qur’an, Hadith, classical jurisprudence, and contemporary scholarship, the research emphasizes Islam’s vision of women’s education as both a right and a pillar of social reform. Using qualitative analysis of Islamic sources, literature, and policy documents (with a focus on Pakistan), the study proposes a holistic educational model that combines academic excellence with moral and spiritual development.
شعری لسانیات: انیس ناگی کے معنوی و استعاراتی نظام کا تجزیہ
This research article investigates the theoretical framework of "Poetic Linguistics" pioneered by Anis Nagi, specifically focusing on his unique semantic and metaphorical system as an objective tool for literary analysis. Moving beyond traditional impressionistic criticism, Nagi’s theory posits that for a poet, the word is not merely a communicative medium but an autonomous "realm of experience." The study explores the core components of Nagi’s linguistic model, including the transition from general linguistic perception to creative expression, where lexical meanings fade to give way to a complex series of emotional reactions. Central to this analysis is Nagi’s redefinition of the metaphor as a tool for semantic expansion—arguing that it is rooted not only in similarity but also in contrast and relational proximity. The article further examines the concept of "Mahakaati Isti’ara" (mimesis/imagery), which grants physical embodiment to abstract concepts, and the dual nature of context (syntactic and emotional). By applying these principles to contemporary Urdu long poems, the study demonstrates how poetic linguistics decodes communicative complexities and reveals the deep structure of the text. The findings conclude that Nagi’s semantic system provides a scientific methodology for understanding the modern poem as an organic linguistic unit, where every word draws its value from its specific placement within the creative context rather than its dictionary definition.
اردو املا کے جمالیاتی پہلو : رشید حسن خاں اور ڈاکٹر ابو محمد سحر کا فکری اختلاف
This research article provides a comparative and analytical study of the intellectual divergence between two titans of Urdu linguistics, Rashid Hassan Khan and Dr. Abu Muhammad Sahar, regarding the standardization of Urdu orthography (Imla). The debate centers on two conflicting linguistic philosophies: Khan’s insistence on "linguistic logic" and "etymological rigor" versus Siddiqui’s defense of "established usage" (Riwaaj) and "historical continuity." Rashid Hassan Khan sought to reconstruct Urdu orthography on scientific and phonetic foundations, aiming to eliminate centuries of scribal errors and inconsistencies. Conversely, Dr. Abu Muhammad Sahar argued that language is a socio-cultural product governed by collective visual memory, asserting that radical changes dictated by pure logic could lead to linguistic chaos and alienation from classical literary traditions. The article examines specific orthographic points of contention, including the Alif versus Haye-Mukhtafi (h) debate, the technical complexities of Hamza in Izafat (genitive constructions), the rules for joining or separating compound words, and the treatment of loanwords (Dakhil Alfaz). Through an empirical analysis of their seminal works, the study reveals that while Rashid Khan’s approach provides a structured system for future standardization, Abu Muhammad Sahar’s moderate stance protects the unique phonetic and aesthetic temperament of Urdu. The findings suggest that successful linguistic reform must balance logical correctness with public acceptance. The article concludes that the future of Urdu orthography lies in a path of moderation, ensuring the language remains compatible with modern digital technology while preserving its rich scholarly heritage.
Regulating the Future: A Comparative Analysis of Pakistan’s Need for EU-Based Cyber Privacy Frameworks
The use of cyber technologies in Pakistan has been both exposed in the governance system, commercial practices, law enforcement, and daily living, providing a great benefit by causing a real efficiency improvement, and at the same time, also presents severe threats to privacy and data security, among other essential rights. Without a regulatory framework of AI that is elaborate, enforceable, and solid in use rights-based protections, the remaining ones are still in bits, mostly aspirational, and poor. In comparison, the coherent risk-oriented regulatory model implemented in the European Union via the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) is based on the principles of human dignity, accountability, and democratic control. The article aims at achieving three research objectives: first, due to its doctrinal nature, to examine the current and proposed laws on data protection and AI-based decision-making in Pakistan; second, to comparatively explore how the EU GDPR and AI Act respond to analogous regulatory challenges with binding obligations, institutional regulation and risk classification; and third, to normatively evaluate the AI governance framework in Pakistan against the international human rights standards, specifically, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the EU fundamental rights standards. The methodological approach of the study is the doctrinal legal analysis, the comparative legal research, and normative evaluation of the statutory texts, policy documents, judicial principles, and scholarly literature. The analysis demonstrates that there are considerable regulatory gaps in Pakistan, such as a lack of enforceable limitations on automated decision-making, insufficient transparency and accountability requirements on AI developers and implementers, ineffective redressing of rights infringements, and the absence of an independent regulatory body that has effective powers. The EU model, in its turn, combines the principles of data protection, including lawfulness, minimization of information, and limitation of purpose, transparency, and accountability, and AI-specific risk-based regulation and strong mechanisms of institutional enforcement.
Prof. Dr. Matloob Ahmad (Corresponding Author)
المناهج المختلفة في الفتوی في النوازل الفقهیة المعاصرة
This research examines the different methodologies adopted in issuing fatwas on contemporary juristic issues that arise due to rapid social, economic, and technological change. It explores how classical principles of Islamic jurisprudence are applied to new and unprecedented situations, commonly referred to as nawāzil fiqhiyyah. The study analyzes major approaches used by contemporary jurists, including strict textual adherence, contextual interpretation, objectives-based reasoning, and collective ijtihad. It highlights the strengths and limitations of each methodology and discusses the balance between legal continuity and necessary flexibility in modern fatwa practice. The research also addresses the role of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, public interest, and changing circumstances in shaping contemporary legal opinions. By comparing these methodologies, the study aims to contribute to a more informed and balanced framework for issuing fatwas that remain faithful to Islamic legal tradition while responding effectively to present-day challenges.
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The National and revolutionary poetry of Josh Maleh Abadi
Josh Malihabadi stands as one of the most powerful and dynamic voices of revolutionary poetry in the Subcontinent. His poetic temperament is marked by intensity, courage, and defiance, reflecting the turbulent political and social conditions of his time. During the freedom movement and the struggle that eventually led to the creation of Pakistan, his poetry emerged as a forceful expression of resistance, awakening national consciousness and inspiring collective action. His verses, charged with emotional strength and ideological clarity, resonated widely and became symbols of rebellion against oppression. The essence of Josh Malihabadi’s poetry lies in its strong national spirit. He skillfully integrates themes of patriotism with vivid imagery drawn from nature, using natural symbols to reinforce ideas of freedom, strength, and renewal. Alongside this, he addresses the socio-economic hardships endured by the masses, giving voice to their pain, aspirations, and determination. Despite highlighting suffering and injustice, his poetry does not succumb to despair; rather, it consistently projects hope, resilience, and faith in a better and more dignified future. Josh’s revolutionary vision extended beyond mere protest. His poetic style, marked by powerful diction, rhythmic force, and intellectual depth, set new standards for national and revolutionary expression in Urdu poetry. As a result, his influence was not limited to his contemporaries alone. Subsequent generations of poets drew inspiration from his bold thematic choices and expressive strength. Consequently, Josh Malihabadi’s poetry occupies a lasting place in literary history as a vital source of nationalist consciousness, revolutionary thought, and artistic resistance.
Contemporary Consciousness of Akbar Alahabadi
Akbar Alahabadi holds a distinguished place among the major classical poets and intellectual figures of the Subcontinent due to the depth, insight, and critical awareness reflected in his poetry. He was not merely a satirist who employed humor for entertainment; rather, he was a perceptive thinker who closely examined the realities of his age. His poetic vision encompasses a wide range of concerns, including political domination, social transformation, cultural dislocation, educational trends, economic pressures, and moral as well as religious decline.During the colonial period, a large segment of Indian Muslim society began to adopt Western lifestyles, values, and educational models uncritically. This tendency, in Akbar Alahabadi’s view, threatened Islamic identity, ethical stability, and indigenous cultural traditions. Through sharp satire and subtle irony, he challenged this blind imitation and exposed the internal contradictions and moral shortcomings of Western civilization. At the same time, he emphasized that Islam provides a holistic and balanced framework capable of addressing human needs in all spheres of life.Akbar Alahabadi’s poetry reveals social hypocrisy, moral erosion, intellectual confusion, and cultural alienation within Muslim society, presenting these issues in a manner that provokes reflection rather than mere ridicule. His satirical style serves a reformative purpose, aiming to protect moral values, discourage vulgarity, and resist cultural domination. Moreover, he offers thoughtful and practical perspectives on social, educational, psychological, and economic problems, which enhance the lasting relevance of his work. Consequently, his poetry stands as a strong expression of contemporary consciousness and an intellectual resistance to cultural and ideological subjugation.
Case Studies in Sahaba Treaty Practice and Territorial Integration
This article examines how the Companions of the Prophet (Sahaba), especially during the Rightly Guided Caliphate, translated Quranic and Prophetic norms into concrete legal instruments for foreign affairs and territorial integration. Focusing on treaty continuity, capitulation agreements, safe conduct (aman),and the selective recognition of local custom (urf), it argues that early Islamic external governance was neither improvised nor purely driven by military expediency. Rather, it was structured around covenant fidelity, procedural fairness, and protection of life, property, and worship for non-Muslim populations incorporated into the Islamic polity. First, the article analyses how post Prophetic leadership treated the Prophet’s covenants as binding obligations of the political community, thereby grounding later doctrines of treaty continuity and principled termination. Second, it studies capitulation agreements in Syria and Iraq as jurisprudential texts that regulated security, taxation, religious institutions, and mobility, while limiting predation and incentivizing stability. Third, it explores aman as a morally weighty guarantee enabling envoys, merchants, and vulnerable populations to move across borders under enforceable protection. Finally, it shows how administrative continuity and legal pluralism emerged through conditional recognition of urf, allowing diverse communities to preserve internal norms under overarching Islamic sovereignty. These case studies illuminate a formative Sahaba based model of international conduct whose ethical core remains relevant to modern discussions of treaty obligation, minority protection, and lawful governance in plural societies.
Challenges and Solutions for Pakistani Muslim Scholars in Britain’s Pluralistic Society
This study examines the challenges faced by Pakistani Muslim scholars in Britain’s pluralist and secular environment, focusing particularly on those associated with Sufi traditions. As the Muslim population in the UK grows and becomes increasingly diverse, religious scholars play a vital role in guiding community life, interpreting Islamic teachings, and bridging the gap between faith-based perspectives and broader societal expectations. Despite this central role, these scholars often confront complex social, cultural, legal, and institutional pressures that shape their work and identity. Guided by four research questions, the study explores how these scholars perceive their responsibilities within a diverse society, the obstacles they encounter, and the strategies they adopt to remain true to their religious principles while engaging constructively with wider British society. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research begins with an extensive review of academic and community literature, followed by semi-structured interviews with Pakistani Sufi oriented scholars based across England. Thematic analysis reveals recurring challenges such as negotiating religious identity in a secular setting, responding to Islamophobia, managing generational differences within British Muslim communities, and balancing traditional expectations with modern institutional demands. The findings indicate that meaningful engagement requires context-sensitive religious training, stronger institutional support, active interfaith involvement, and leadership development tailored to the British context. The study contributes to wider debates on pluralism, integration, and the evolving role of Muslim scholarship in the UK, offering practical recommendations for policymakers, community leaders, and Islamic institutions.
De-centering the Human: A Close Reading of Nonhuman Agency in Elif Shafak’s The Island of Missing Trees
This research explores how Elif Shafak’s The Island of Missing Trees (2021) challenges human-centered perspectives by giving narrative consciousness to a fig tree. The study investigates how Shafak redefines storytelling through a dialogue between human and nonhuman life that turns the novel into a reflection on coexistence, empathy, and ecological awareness. The research examines how the novel builds meaning through the vitality of matter and the agency of the nonhuman world by deploying Rosi Braidotti’s post human philosophy and Serpil Oppermann’s framework of material Eco criticism. The fig tree is not a passive symbol but a conscious voice that remembers, feels, and communicates. Through close reading, the research uncovers how the text connects human trauma with environmental memory and shows that healing begins with recognizing the interdependence among all forms of life. The analysis reveals that empathy is presented as a shared ecological capacity that extends beyond human boundaries and becomes a foundation for ethical coexistence. This study contributes to post human and environmental literary discussions by showing how fiction can express new forms of consciousness and responsibility. The novel invites readers to imagine coexistence built on care, reciprocity, and respect for the entire living world.