Scholar Insight Journal is a Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan-recognized Y Category peer-reviewed, quarterly (four issues per year) international academic journal dedicated to advancing scholarly research in Arts & Humanities (Miscellaneous). The journal publishes original research articles in diverse fields including Arabic, Urdu, English, Islamic Studies, Religious Studies, Languages, Linguistics, Literature, Islamic Education, Sociology, Psychology and Arts & Humanities Miscellaneous related disciplines. Scholar Insight Journal follows a rigorous double-blind peer review process and is committed to ethical, transparent, and open-access scholarly publishing.
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Authors retain the copyright and full publishing rights of their work. All articles published in Scholar Insight Journal are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Under this license, readers are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, link to the full texts, and reuse the published articles for any lawful purpose, including adaptation and commercial use, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author(s), the source of publication, and the license terms are properly acknowledged. The journal retains the right of first publication while authors maintain ownership of their intellectual property rights without restrictions.
Patriarchal Influence and Identity Control: A Socio-Psychological and Feminist Analysis of J. M. Coetzee’s Disgrace
This paper identifies identity control and patriarchal influence in J. M. Coetzee’s Disgrace (1999). The narrative reveals the dysfunctional father-daughter relationship in which the misogynistic David’s life and personality traits end up defining his daughter Lucy’s identity.. This dysfunctional relationship inevitably controls Lucy’s life. The conceptual framework of the study is based primarily on Peter Burke’s Identity Control Theory; however, Susan Brownmiller’s idea of the mass psychology of rape helps pave the path for Lucy’s identity to be analyzed through both socio-psychological and feminist lenses of identity. By employing textual analysis as the methodological tool, since the researcher aims to conduct a close reading of the text, this study examines how Lucy’s whole identity and her decisions in life are both consciously and unconsciously shaped by her dysfunctional relationship with her father, David. His sexual rendezvous with younger women of color, his unapologetic entitlement, and his inflexibility in the face of personal change—all these factors contribute to the development of Lucy’s identity as a person.
Disgrace, dysfunctional relationships, identity theory, sexual violence, social image
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Sidra Shahid, Fauzia Amin (Corresponding Author) (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Kurtz’s Discourse in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Applying Fairclough Three Dimensional Model
This study examines the construction of colonial power, identity, and imperial ideology in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness by applying Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Utilizing Fairclough’s model comprising linguistic description, discursive interpretation, and sociocultural explanation the research investigates how Kurtz’s language reflects and reinforces nineteenth-century European hegemonies. At the textual level, the analysis focuses on Kurtz’s lexical choices, evaluative structures, and racialized binary representations that separate Europeans from native Africans. At the level of discourse practice, the paper evaluates how Kurtz’s written report functions as a communicative event, reproducing institutional colonial rhetoric and civilizing narratives. At the sociocultural level, the findings contextualize Kurtz’s utterances within broader imperialist structures, racial hierarchies, and the moral justifications of colonial expansion. Special analytical focus is placed on the ideological rupture between his high-minded humanitarian preamble and his infamous postscript, "Exterminate all the brutes!" This paradoxical shift reveals the fragility and inherent hypocrisy of imperial rhetoric. The study concludes that Kurtz’s discourse operates dualistically: while it seeks to rationalize and sustain colonial dominance, it ultimately unmasks the systemic brutality, moral decay, and structural contradictions embedded within the Western imperial enterprise. By deconstructing these discursive layers, the research highlights the pivotal role of critical language analysis in exposing how literature both reproduces and interrogates colonial power dynamics.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Allah Noor, Abrar Ahmad, Mohammad Faheem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Developing EFL Vocabulary to improve Academic writing through a frequency list at the Secondary level in Sahiwal, A Pakistani English Perspective
Vocabulary maintenance in long-term memory among EFL learners is a sustained challenge, often relying on rote memorization and random lists of English terms that do not improve academic writing. This study is based on a tagged corpus of Dawn opinion articles for vocabulary development and writing improvement at the secondary level. The main objective of this study is to provide participants with contexual information about lexical items through a frequency list of common nouns. A mixed-method approach was used, and opinion articles comprising 1,481,863 tokens, published by various authors from 2013 to 2026, were selected as the data sources. Twenty beginner-level EFL learners from Sahiwal participated in a pre-test and post-test with the help of a questionnaire and data were analyzed in SPSS software. After conducting tests with an experimental group using corpus-based vocabulary learning (new method) and a control group using Dawn vocabulary learning (traditional method), the control group also completed another post-test after learning the vocabulary from the corpus-based frequency list of nouns. The findings indicated significant improvement from pre-test to post-test, increased average scores, and high learner vocabulary satisfaction with the help of the contextualized noun list. Moreover, the frequency list effectively strengthened vocabulary retention through the use of AntConc and TagAnt and provided engaging learning experiences in the EFL context. Future research should involve more diverse and larger participant groups, extend the duration of teaching, and include other grammatical aspects to enable learners to write essays or paragraphs and develop proficiency in English writing.
: Corpus-based learning, Vocabulary Development, Academic Writing, EFL learners, Long-Term Retention, Secondary-level learners
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Ayesha Wakeel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Living and Dying Under Power: A Necropolitical Reading of PostcolonialFiction
This paper discusses necropolitical relations in The Ministry of Utmost Happiness (2017) by Arundhati Roy within the theoretical context of necropower by Achille Mbembe (2003) and biopolitics by Foucault and grievability by Butler. The novel is a fragmented yet very political narrative that foreshadows the existence of the marginalized communities that are forced to experience incessant surveillance, violence, and socio-political marginalization in postcolonial India. This paper examines the processes of power through the prism of death, abandonment, and systemic oppression in conflict-ridden regions such as Kashmir and among socially outcast groups such as hijras, religious minorities, and political dissidents to examine how the state exercises power to control life and death. Based on a qualitative textual analysis, the paper highlights that necropolitical formations transform living bodies into expendable subjects and simultaneously establish the field of resistance and survival. In the end, this study claims that The Ministry of Utmost Happiness not only reveals the inhuman face of state-approved violence but also reinvents the other ways of living in the conditions of death, thus disrupting the mainstream power structures and redefining the concept of humanity in the postcolonial world.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Gulnaz Jehanzeb, Dr. Durr-e-Nayab, Sumaira Saeed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond Language: Cultural Core Values, Dress, Ancestry and the Symbolic Construction of Baloch Ethnicity
The paper investigates which cultural elements function as core values in the construction and maintenance of Baloch ethnic identity. The analysis is guided by Smolicz’s Cultural Core Value framework and Tajfel’s (1978) Social Identity Theory, which helps explain how groups select symbols that distinguish an in-group from relevant out-groups. The study data reveal that language alone cannot be treated as the universal core value because the group includes speakers of four different languages. Instead, traditional dress, common ancestry, shared history, tribal affiliation and cultural practices repeatedly appear as cross-linguistic resources of identity. Questionnaire findings are especially revealing: language was selected as central by 40% of Balochi-speaking and 62% of Brahvi-speaking respondents, but only 13.3% of Saraiki-speaking and 20% of Sindhi-speaking respondents. Common ancestry was selected by 73.3% of Saraiki-speaking and 40% of Sindhi-speaking respondents. Ethnographic observations further suggest that traditional dress gained heightened symbolic visibility during periods when ethnic identity became more salient. The paper concludes that Baloch ethnicity is sustained through a repertoire of cultural resources rather than through a single indispensable marker.
Keywords: Baloch; Ethnic Identity; Core Value
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Dr. Fouzia Rehman Khan, Dr Shamim Ara Shams, ZafarUllah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pakistani University Teachers’ Perceptions of English Language Competence and its Impact on their Research Publication Endeavors
English enjoys the status of the language of research communication across all disciplines in the world. It has earned this reputation through its widespread adoption in higher education and research communication. Hence, English language competence plays a significant role in a non-native English speaking researcher’s career success. For this reason, this study examined how Pakistani university teachers perceive English competence and it impact on their research publication efforts. The study used interviews to collect data from the faculty members at an HEC recognized university in Karachi as their promotion and career growth is tied to their publications which depends on their English language proficiency. As per the results, the faculty fully acknowledged the importance and necessity of good English language competence for a successful research career. However, they also reported that they felt that they lacked the required competence in English academic wiring which sometimes discouraged them form undertaking research activities. The findings of this study highlight the need for immediate and effective interventions to train faculty in research writing and academic English to improve the overall research output of the country.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Dr. Sameera Sultan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Role of Women in Education: A Journey from Instructional Leadership to Institutional Leadership
This research adopts a qualitative research design to explore the experiences of women transformation from instructional leadership to institutional leadership in educational settings. A qualitative approach is suitable for this research as it allows for an in-depth exploration of participants’ lived experiences, perceptions, and meaning-making processes. A phenomenological approach is to understand the importance of participants’ experiences as navigate leadership transitions. The sample size is eight participants, which includes two senior teachers, two heads of departments in the universities, two school Principals and two academic administrators working in public and private sectors. A purposive convenient sampling strategy is used to select participants. Data is collected using semi-structured interviews as a tool, through face-to-face or online. The data was analyzed using the thematic analysis, a method adopted for analyzing qualitative data. This study findings highlights that female moving from instructional to institutional leadership face multiple challenges as well as areas of strength. These include mentorship, social support, and experiential learning, along with resilience and emotional labor. Supportive policies within institutions also play a key role. Women navigate personal, social, and organizational hurdles by employing reflection, strategic planning, and adaptability to thrive in leadership roles. This study points out how crucial it is to have both formal and informal support systems to ensure fair access and ongoing involvement in educational leadership positions.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Nagina Muhammad Nazeef, Munira Muhammad Rangwala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analytical Study Of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf's Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan (2018 – 2022)
This study examines Pakistan's foreign policy towards Afghanistan during the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government from 2018 to 2022. The PTI administration played a pivotal role in Pakistan's diplomatic engagement with Afghanistan, including the Doha Agreement 2020 and the withdrawal of NATO forces. The research situates Pakistan's policy within its historical and regional context to assess evolving cross-border dynamics. A qualitative research approach was adopted, including Primary data from official statements by the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan and Afghanistan, as well as reports from Dawn and Tolo News. Secondary sources comprised academic journals, books, research articles, dissertations, and newspapers. The data were analyzed using a systematic six-step thematic analysis framework. The findings indicate that the PTI government prioritized peacebuilding, regional stability, economic cooperation, and counter terrorism efforts. Challenges such as economic mismanagement and institutional weaknesses persisted. The study concludes that Pakistan’s foreign policy under the PTI administration was comparatively more coherent and proactive, emphasizing the importance of peace in Afghanistan for enduring stability in Pakistan.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Iftikhar Ahmad, Naveed Iqbal, Muhammad Zakaria Niazi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bakhs and the Violation of Material Rights in the Qur’ān: A Thematic and Contextual Analysis
Bakhs, as defined in the Qur’ān, is typically seen as the act of giving insufficient measure or weight in trade. A thematic analysis of the Qur’ān shows that Bakhs pertains not only to dishonest commercial practices but also to any act that illegally diminishes, conceals, or takes away one’s lawful rights in the material domain. In this article, the author examines material rights as an important element of Bakhs through a thematic analysis of related verses in the Qur'ān. The objective of the study is to show how the Qur’ān guarantees the protection of material rights through establishing principles of justice, visibility, accountability, and fairness in the economy and finance. With reference to the thematic analysis method, the author considers the Qur’ān concerning safeguarding property rights, rights in commerce, rights in finance, rights in inheritance, and the rights of vulnerable populations based on the Qur’ān. The study also includes relevant Hadiths, classical commentaries, and current literature to provide a scientific understanding of the topic. The results obtained show that the Qur’ān describes the complete system of material rights protection and treats any illegal deprivation of these rights as Bakhs. The conclusion of this study indicates that Bakhs should be viewed as a multifaceted ethical and legal term rather than merely a measure of inadequate weights and measures. This wider perspective contributes to modern Qur'ānic studies by showing that the teachings of the Qur'an are still relevant to the question of protecting property rights and promoting justice, honesty, and accountability in our time.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Ms. Saba Mahmood, Dr. Hafsah Ayaz Qureshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lived Experiences of Psychological Despair among War Victims in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study
Present study aims to ascertain the lived experience of psychological despair among people from the Ex-FATA region of Pakistan affected by extended conflict and displacement. A purposive sample of 12 individuals (6 males and 6 females) age ranges 25–35 (M = 27.8, SD = 2.16) participated in semi-structured interviews. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyse the participants’ data. IPA revealed four superordinate themes from participants’ data such as Pervasive Experiences of Hopelessness and Psychological Defeat, Living under Chronic Uncertainty and Instability, Despair Arising from Broken Hopes and Perceived Neglect, and Enduring and Adapting to Prolonged Adversity. Results indicate that despair in war victims is a multidimensional and dynamic psychological progression, including emotional hopelessness, existential insecurity, disappointment with institutional support, and adaptive strategies such as habituation, tolerance, and nostalgic meaning making. Resilience among individuals seemed to contain continuous functioning alongside enduring despair, rather than reflecting the absence of suffering. These results indicate the need for clinical interventions that directly deal with hopelessness, together with structural improvements ensuring consistent humanitarian support, for populations affected by persistent conflict.
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology GCU Lahore
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Sanam Khalid, Dr. Mahwesh Arooj Naz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTS OF TEACHER’S BURNOUT ON STUDENTS’ ATTENTION AT HIGHER SECONDARY LEVEL IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
Teacher’s burnout is a serious issue for policymakers and educators across the globe. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of teacher’s burnout on students’ attention at higher secondary school level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa which is carried out through descriptive quantitative research design with population of 11515 students of districts Peshawar, Noushehra and Mardan. Quantitative data was collected from a sample of 373-students through simple random technique. Data was analyzed descriptively through frequency and percentages as well as hypothesis were tested through Pearson’s Correlation. The results from descriptive analysis revealed the negative association of teacher’s burnout and student’s attention at higher secondary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The inferential analysis has also revealed significant correlation between teachers’ burnout and students’ attention with 0.687 value of Pearson’s correlation co-efficient at p < 0.01 level significance. From these findings, it is concluded that teacher’s burnout has significant effects on students’ retention at higher secondary school level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This study recommends that institutional and administrative support may be provided for the wellbeing of teachers and reducing the effects of teachers’ burnout on student’s attention.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Gohar Rehman, Pro. Dr. Iffat Ara Hussain, Khurshid Khan, Stana Din (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Institutional, Pedagogical, and Social Barriers to Inclusive Education: Perspectives of School Principals and Teachers
The education of children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND) has been one of the most complicated parts of present-day education systems. Although, inclusive education has been gaining momentum in the world, but there is little empirical knowledge regarding the challenges faced by the school principals and teachers in the field of special education in practice especially in under-resourced countries like Pakistan. The current study aims to explore the professional, instructional, administrative and emotional difficulties faced by teachers serving students with SEND in various educational contexts in Pakistan. The research design used was qualitative exploratory research with a paradigm of interpretivism. The research subjects were purposively selected as four informants, which comprised of three special education teachers and one school principal, from both government and private institutional settings. Braun and Clarke's (2006) thematic analysis framework was used to analyze the data, which resulted in six broad themes: training and professional preparation, classroom and instructional challenges, institutional support and resource availability, policy and system-level barriers, collaboration and stakeholder involvement, and emotional and psychological impact. Results highlight a recurring theme of a theory–practice divide in teacher preparation, the unequal distribution of resources across institutional types, inflexibility in policy frameworks and the emotional burden of all participants. One of the significant results is the resource–equity paradox: centres funded by the government may have material resources but lack adequate human resources, a situation that shows that the provision of material resources is not enough to make education effective. The study provides contextually relevant and empirical knowledge on the education of students with disabilities in Pakistan and suggests reform in the system in teacher training, allocation of resources, policy development and support for educators' wellbeing.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Mahnoor Farhan Ali, Nazish Zulfiqar, Pareevish (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understanding Meme Culture: A Content Analysis of Memes as Contemporary Digital Communication
While many studies have discussed the role of memes in communication, there is very little systematic, empirically validated research that has explored the role of memes in the Pakistani online communities. This study examines the role of online memes as a form of communication, the function of multimodal elements in the construction of meaning, and the role of memes in the formation and/or reflection of collective identity and ideology. The study adopts a convergent parallel approach by integrating critical discourse analysis of ten internet memes spread during the 2025 India-Pakistan tensions and the eight semi-structured interviews with participants, using a three-dimensional model by Fairclough as well as multimodal discourse analysis and social semiotics. The results indicate that humor is not an alternative to substantive communication but its main means of expression; political criticism, expression of identity and emotional processing is carried out through the interaction of text, picture, culture and platform resources, all of which are associated with humor. The study offers an empirical description of the Pakistani digital meme culture and suggests that memes are a serious and sophisticated language of public discourse that has implications for media literacy education.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Mahnoor Farhan Ali, Bushra Ali, Haniya Riaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Baha’i Perspective on Prophethood: A Comparative analysis with the Islamic perspective
In the mid-19th century, a significant religious movement emerged, known as the Baha'i Faith. It was founded by Mirza Husayn-Ali Nuri, who is reverently referred to as Baha'u'llah, meaning “Glory of God.” The Babi movement emerged as a new religion with historical roots, evolving from the Shaykhism branch of Twelver Shia Islam. At the core of Baha'i belief is the conviction that Baha'u'llah is the most recent prophet or “Manifestation of God,” although followers acknowledge that he is not the final prophet. They assert that he has heralded a new era of peace and has fulfilled the promises articulated in various sacred texts across different religious traditions. The dogmatic principle of the Baha'i Faith is based on the oneness of God, the unity of all religions, and the inherent oneness of humanity, fostering a global community beyond ethnic and national divides. In Iran, where the faith originated, many Shia leaders view Baha'is as unbelievers, leading to ongoing persecution and a challenging environment for their followers, as well as a threat to Islam. The research paper is based on comparative analysis of the Baha'i Faith and its interpretation of the finality of prophethood in the Islamic context. This qualitative study explores the principles of the Baha'i Faith alongside Islamic teachings. It will also illuminate the nuanced differences in dogmatic beliefs between the two religions. By examining these distinct teachings, this paper seeks to establish the Baha'i Faith as a unique and independent religion, highlighting both its distinct beliefs and its complex relationship with Islam.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Rida Ishfaq, Hina Aziz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Trends in Career Decision-Making at the Higher Secondary School Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
This study is aimed at finding the trends in career decision-making among students at higher secondary school level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This study is conducted in District Dir Lower through narrative research design. The population of this study included all the subject specialists at higher secondary school in District Dir Lower. Total of 20-teachers were purposively selected as sample of this study. Data was collected through the conduction of semi-structured interviews and was analyzed thematically by using Clark and Brown six-step approach. From the findings of this, it is concluded that the trends in career decision-making among higher secondary school students in District Lower Dir is greatly tended towards traditional fields such as medical sciences, engineering and competitive civil services due to sustained parental, social and financial pressure. Furthermore, this study also concluded that emerging and innovative career fields have received marginal attention as a result of limited exposure, guidance and counseling at higher secondary school level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. These findings highlight the need for policy reforms in school-based career guidance and counseling services, along with greater investment in infrastructure, teacher training, and awareness programs that can broaden students' understanding of diverse career opportunities.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Mubarak Shah, Prof. Dr.Iffat Ara Hussain, Khurshid Khan, Stana Din (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
شوریٰ کے متعلق الماوردی اور ابنِ تیمیہ کے افکار و نظریات کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
This paper presents an analytical study of the concepts of Shura as articulated by two classical Muslim scholars, Al-Mawardi and Ibn Taymiyyah, and evaluates their relevance for contemporary Islamic governance. Shura, or consultative decision-making, is a foundational principle in Islam. However, its institutional application remains a central debate in modern Muslim polities. By examining the primary works of Al-Mawardi, particularly Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, and the political treatises of Ibn Taymiyyah, this study compares their theoretical frameworks, conditions, and objectives for Shura.The study finds that Al-Mawardi institutionalized Shura within the framework of the Caliphate. He argued that for Shura to be effective and balanced, the selection of advisors must be based strictly on merit. He rejected criteria such as kinship, tribal affiliation, or fame, and instead emphasized knowledge, integrity, and wisdom as the essential qualifications for Ahl al-Shura. For Al-Mawardi, the Caliph’s authority was legitimized through his role as Imam, and Shura functioned as a mechanism to ensure competent counsel in both administrative and ethical matters.In contrast, Ibn Taymiyyah emphasized Shura as a binding constitutional principle that limits autocratic rule. He maintained that the Imam or ruler must be selected by Ahl al-Hall wal-Aqd, a group of qualified Muslims capable of judging according to the Qur’an and Sunnah. He explicitly rejected the concentration of decision. The thoughts and theories of Al-Mawardi and Ibn Taymiyyah present a comprehensive framework of Islamic political thought, jurisprudence, social reform, and fundamental principles, which retain their significance in every era. Al-Mawardi and Ibn Taymiyyah are counted among the great Muslim scholars whose ideas had a profound impact on Islamic history. In the context of modern times, it is very necessary to understand their ideas and apply them so that we can adopt their fundamental thoughts in today’s world.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Jahangeer khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dynamic Equivalence and Pragmatic Losses in the Urdu Translation of Emily Dickenson’s A Bird Came Down the Walk: An Analytical Study
English literary texts are widely taught in public sector educational institutions in Pakistan, where many students depend on Urdu translations to understand the prescribed works and to prepare for compulsory English examinations. Although these translations make literary texts more accessible, they often fail to preserve the original meanings, stylistic features, and cultural nuances intended by the authors. This qualitative study examines the issue of meaning loss in the Urdu translation of Emily Dickinson’s renowned poem A Bird Came Down the Walk. The study aims to identify the linguistic, semantic, and stylistic losses that occur during the translation process and to evaluate their effects on the message conveyed to the target audience. The analysis is conducted within the theoretical framework of Eugene Nida’s Dynamic Equivalence Theory, which emphasizes achieving an equivalent response from target readers rather than a literal word-for-word translation. A comparative textual analysis of the original English poem and its Urdu translation reveals that several expressions, poetic images, metaphors, emotions, and stylistic devices are either weakened, altered, or omitted in the translated version. These losses influence readers’ interpretation of the poem and reduce the aesthetic and emotional impact intended by the original author. The findings highlight the need for greater attention to translation quality in educational materials and encourage teachers, students, translators, and publishers to critically evaluate translated literary texts instead of relying on them without scrutiny. The study also underscores the importance of adopting translation strategies that maintain both semantic accuracy and literary beauty, thereby promoting a deeper appreciation and understanding of English literature among Urdu-speaking learners in Pakistan.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Munazza Mufti, Dr. Muhammad Abdullah, Marrium Sayyed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
اہل سنت والجماعت اور امامیہ اثنا عشریہ کے اصولِ روایت میں منہجی اختلافات: ایک تقابلی و تحقیقی مطالعہ
Hadith constitutes one of the fundamental sources of Islamic law and religious thought. Muslim scholarly traditions developed systematic methodologies for its transmission, preservation, authentication, and critical evaluation. Ahl al-Sunnah wa Jama‘ah and the Imami Twelver Shi‘ah both acknowledge the authority of Hadith, the necessity of transmission, the importance of isnad, and the investigation of narrators. Nevertheless, significant methodological differences appear in several core areas of Hadith transmission, including the authority of transmission, the criterion of narrator integrity, the probative value of solitary reports, the formation of Hadith corpora, the principles of al-jarh wa al-ta‘dil, and the role of corroborative indicators in accepting reports. In the Sunni tradition, the Companions are regarded as the primary transmitters of Prophetic Hadith, whereas in the Imami Twelver tradition, the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt hold a central position in the transmission and interpretation of the Prophetic Sunnah. This article presents a comparative and analytical study of these methodological distinctions. It does not aim to refute or prefer one tradition over the other; rather, it seeks to clarify the scholarly foundations, historical background, and methodological structures of both traditions in the field of Hadith transmission.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Asghar Hussain, Dr. Muhammad Mehrban Barvi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Philosophical Reformist Education Policy-Shaping the Mondial Generation
This abstract outlines a comprehensive, philosophically grounded "Reformist Education Policy" designed to restructure and modernize the school system through a structured, three-stage continuum: Early School Age (Infant care and Early Academic), Pre-Junior and Junior School Age, and Senior School Age. Rooted in over 14 years of reflective teaching experience, this policy addresses systemic limitations in the contemporary curriculum by advocating for an epistemologically balanced, work-oriented, and holistic pedagogical model. Moving away from an over-reliance on rote learning and exam-centric validation, the proposal theorizes a shift toward existential and practical life skills, integrating continuous qualitative assessment and mandatory vocational training. A critical component is the philosophical reconciliation of technology and human development, advocating for an IT-smart educational ethos while systematically curbing technological alienation and excessive screen time. Furthermore, the policy emphasizes building a strong foundation in core disciplines (Languages, Mathematics, and Science) symbiotically aligned with a profound grounding in religious, ontological, and ethical values. Beyond mere academic instruction, the framework incorporates active co-curricular tracks, civic duties, and social service to foster community cohesion among educators, guardians, and students. Addressing the systemic health of the sector, the study proposes structural reforms in institutional management and teacher welfare, aiming to alleviate state dependency while fostering self-sustainability. Ultimately, this inquiry provides a normative and conceptual roadmap to cultivate a versatile, morally disciplined, and globally competitive generation capable of navigating the modern digital era with absolute practical expertise and intellectual integrity. Keywords: Learning Outcome Points (LOCP), Balanced IT Integration, Vocational Schooling, Three-Stage Education Continuum, Holistic Assessment, Institutional Self-Sustainability, Philosophy of Education, Educational Ethics, Moral Epistemology.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Sheikh Shohana Sultana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transitivity Patterns in British and Pakistani Election News Reporting: A Comparative Analysis of the Guardian and Dawn
This study examines transitivity patterns in British and Pakistani election news reporting through a comparative corpus-based analysis of the Guardian and Dawn. The study is grounded in Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2013) Systemic Functional Linguistics, particularly the transitivity system, which explains how language represents experience through processes, participants, and circumstances. The main purpose of the study is to identify and compare the frequency of six transitivity process types namely material, mental, relational, verbal, behavioural, and existential in selected election news reports from the two newspapers. The corpus consisted of 1388 clauses from Dawn and 2297 clauses from the Guardian, making a total of 3685 clauses. Each clause was analyzed and classified according to its dominant process type. The findings revealed that material processes were the most frequent in both newspapers, with 731 occurrences in Dawn and 1005 occurrences in the Guardian. Relational processes ranked second in both corpora, followed by mental and verbal processes, while behavioural and existential processes appeared with the lowest frequencies. The results show that election news reporting in both Pakistani and British contexts is mainly action-oriented, as political events, actors, and electoral developments are largely represented through actions and happenings. However, proportional differences indicate that Dawn relied more on material and verbal processes, whereas the Guardian used more relational, mental, and existential processes. The study concludes that transitivity analysis is a useful linguistic tool for comparing political news discourse across different media and cultural contexts.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Huma Ahmed, Behzad Anwar, Uswa Shahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
واقعات سیرت غزوہ احد تا غزوہ احزاب:تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ
The Seerah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ is the luminous chapter of human history that provides complete guidance for every aspect of life. The blessed life of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is not only a source of spiritual and moral training but also presents a comprehensive and balanced system of life in political, military, social, and intellectual spheres. The battles of the Prophet ﷺ are regarded among the most significant events of Seerah because they highlight various dimensions of the consolidation of the Islamic state, the collective training of Muslims, the confrontation against the conspiracies of the enemies of Islam, and the practical implementation of Islamic teachings. The period from the Battle of Uhud to the Battle of Ahzab was an extremely sensitive, decisive, and challenging phase in Islamic history. During this time, Muslims faced external attacks, internal hypocrisy, political conspiracies, and social difficulties; however, the wisdom, insight, patience, and leadership of the Holy Prophet ﷺ transformed every crisis into success and stability. The Battle of Uhud served as a great lesson in obedience, discipline, and collective responsibility for the Muslims, where temporary hardship laid strong foundations for the future of the Muslim community. Similarly, the Battle of Ahzab was a major attack against the Islamic state by a united alliance of Arab disbelievers and Jewish tribes, which demonstrated the political wisdom, military strategy, and unity of the Muslims. These events were not merely military confrontations but also carried profound intellectual, moral, and educational lessons that played a fundamental role in shaping Islamic society. A research-based and analytical study of these battles reveals that the Holy Prophet ﷺ always preferred peace, wisdom, consultation, and justice, and considered war only as a last resort. Furthermore, these events highlight the importance of leadership, patience, sacrifice, collective awareness, and strategic planning against enemy conspiracies. In the contemporary era, when the Muslim world faces various political, social, and intellectual challenges, the events from Uhud to Ahzab can serve as a significant source of unity, steadfastness, and strategic guidance for the Muslim Ummah. Therefore, the research and analytical study of these battles is not only historically important but also highly beneficial and effective in understanding the demands of the modern age and presenting the practical spirit of Islamic thought.
Seerah of the Prophet ﷺ, Battle of Uhud, Battle of Ahzab, Islamic History, Leadership, Islamic State, Military Strategy
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Adeel Majeed, Dr. Rizwan Younas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dual Functions of Infinitives and Gerunds in Urdu and English: A Paradigm Function Morphology Analysis
This paper examines the role of the infinitives and gerunds of Urdu and English in the light of the theoretical concept of Paradigm Function Morphology developed by Gregory Stump to analyze the dual role of the two forms in both languages. This study aims at explaining the correlation between morphology and function of the forms, especially in cases where a form confers several different functions. An infinitive like “to read” and a gerund like “reading” can be used as a subject, direct object, complement, purpose clause or verbal noun in English. In a similar way, Urdu non-finite forms (also termed as nominal non-distinct forms) may have nominal, verbal, complement or purposive syntactic functioning, depending on the environment, especially verbal noun forms ending in -na e.g. paṛhna (to read/reading). The study follows qualitative and comparative linguistic approach in which some examples are selected from the Urdu and English/L2 to examine relationship between morphological and forms and grammatical functions. The Paradigm Function Morphology is used to explain how the grammatical function is systematically realized in the form of morphology, without assuming it as the usage of the morphology that has no basis. It is claimed that both Urdu and English display multifunctionality of nonfinite verbal forms but the multifunctionality is more explicit in English than in Urdu where it is largely dependent on context, postpositions and the syntactic context. The study will be helpful in comparative morphology, Urdu-English grammar and theoretical linguistics.
Infinitives; Gerunds; Urdu Morphology; English Morphology; Paradigm Function Morphology; Gregory Stump; Non-Finite Verbs; Verbal Nouns; Form–Function Mapping; Comparative Linguistics
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Iman Fatima, Raza-E- Mustafa, Fazila Kousar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
نبی کریم ﷺ کے ذاتی و ریاستی مالی و انتظامی اخراجات کا جامع، تفصیلی اور تجزیاتی مطالعہ
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the personal and administrative expenditures of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, highlighting the principles and practices that shaped the financial framework of the early Islamic state. The article is divided into two main sections: the first discusses the personal expenses of the Prophet ﷺ, while the second examines his administrative and state expenditures. The first section reveals that the personal financial life of the Prophet ﷺ was marked by simplicity, selflessness, and generosity. Whatever wealth came to him was promptly distributed among the needy, guests, and for social welfare, without any inclination toward accumulation or savings. The Prophet ﷺ consistently prioritized the needs of the poor and vulnerable over his own, often enduring hardship while ensuring the well-being of others. His unmatched generosity is evident in numerous instances where he continued to give even when he possessed very little. The second section explores the administrative expenditures and institutional structure established by the Prophet ﷺ. It highlights the management of public funds, allocation of resources such as zakat and khums, and the development of various state functions including judiciary, education, diplomacy, and public welfare. The Prophet ﷺ established an organized administrative system by appointing scribes, governors, judges, and tax collectors, ensuring accountability and efficiency. Diplomatic relations were maintained through envoys and delegations, while educational initiatives included the promotion of literacy and learning foreign languages. The study concludes that the financial and administrative system of the Prophet ﷺ was balanced, transparent, and welfare-oriented, offering a practical and ethical model that remains relevant for contemporary governance and socio-economic justice.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Asadullah, Ghulam Qadir Abrari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Middle-Tier Educational Leaders' Role in Implementing Inclusive Education in District West's Public Secondary Schools: A Qualitative Study
Inclusive education remains a global priority (SDG 4), yet its implementation in low-resource settings is hampered by a persistent policy-practice gap. This qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological study examines the role of middle-tier educational leaders—School Heads and Taluka Education Officers (TEOs)—in implementing inclusive education in public secondary schools of District West, Karachi. Semi-structured interviews with 15 purposively sampled leaders reveal that while these leaders express intrinsic commitment to inclusion, their effectiveness is severely constrained by administrative overload (63% of time on compliance tasks), chronic resource scarcity (education budget at 0.8% of GDP), and lack of practical inclusive education literacy. Thematic analysis identifies four core themes: (1) The “Missing Middle” as a strained intermediary; (2) Administrative burden versus instructional leadership; (3) Systemic scarcity and the “missing facilities” crisis; (4) Inclusive leadership fostering teacher agency. The study contributes to international discourse on middle-tier leadership by showing how decentralised autonomy, weighted funding, and context-specific professional development are prerequisites for translating inclusive mandates into classroom realities. Findings offer actionable policy recommendations for Sindh’s Vision 2026 and have implications for other developing countries facing similar implementation challenges.
Inclusive education, middle-tier leadership, instructional leadership, distributed leadership, policy-practice gap, District West Karachi, SDG 4
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Dr. Nuzhat Naz, Noman Shehzad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Socio-Demographic Prevalence, Gender Distribution, Risk Factors, and Clinical Implications of Diabetes Mellitus in Barisal Division, Bangladesh
Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a silent epidemic in Bangladesh, particularly in semi-urban and rural regions like the Barisal Division. To effectively address this growing health crisis, understanding the underlying social determinants is critical, which is why this study analyzes the socio-demographic prevalence, gender distribution, risk factors, and clinical implications of diabetes mellitus within the local communities. Utilizing a descriptive, cross-sectional approach, data was gathered from a diverse sample of participants across various districts of Barisal using standardized socio-demographic questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical assessments to evaluate lifestyle factors and clinical management gaps. The findings reveal significant socio-demographic variations in diabetes prevalence, with a notable gender distribution indicating varying vulnerability and access to healthcare between men and women. Key risk factors identified include sedentary lifestyles, dietary transitions, advancing age, and a high prevalence of central obesity, alongside substantial clinical implications and management gaps, particularly regarding poor glycemic control and a lack of structured self-management education. Ultimately, the study highlights that diabetes in Barisal is deeply intertwined with socio-demographic shifts and gendered disparities, meaning that addressing these clinical implications requires tailored public health interventions, improved grassroots healthcare infrastructure, and gender-inclusive awareness programs to mitigate the long-term socio-economic burden.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Sajib Kumar Das Bangladesh, Sadia Tabassum Jamy Bangladesh, Marzan Binte Ismail Bangladesh, Mithila Likhi, Faria Islam Arnima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PAKISTAN AS THE PIVOT: REASSESSING SOUTH ASIAN BALANCE OF POWER IN THE US–CHINA RIVALRY
In this article, Pakistan's role as a strategic pivot in the balance of power between the United States and China in South Asia is re-examined. Although the current literature tends to discuss South Asia in the context of either the India-China dyad or the Indo-Pacific strategy, this study is central to Pakistan's persistent geostrategic centrality. Using a combination of theoretical frameworks of realism and regional security complex theory, the article places Pakistan at the center of all of its state alignment decisions, impacting regional stability, global connectivity, and power projection. The sustainability of this study is premised on the U.S strategic repositioning, the Belt and Road Initiative, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), and the hedging policy established in Pakistan, showing that Islamabad is not an inactive by-product of the great power game, or a peripheral player. Instead, it is Pakistan that is redefining South Asian geopolitics by reshaping its role to balance its economic and security needs. This article aims to provide policy suggestions for the Pakistani government to play a mediating role in establishing stability, capitalize on connectivity, and redefine its identity in the evolving multipolar world order.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Mr. Fahad Yaqoob Awan, Dr Muhammad Munir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
افتخار احمد افتخار: تعارف اور پس منظر ایک تحقیقی جائزہ
This article presents an analytical overview of the life, intellectual development, and scholarly contributions of Iftikhar Ahmad Iftikhar, the author of Sīrat al-Muzammil, a comprehensive work on the biography of the Prophet Muhammadﷺ . Belonging to the town of Dinga in District Gujrat, Pakistan, Iftikhar Ahmad Iftikhar emerged as a self-motivated scholar whose passion for knowledge led him to undertake extensive research in Islamic studies despite limited formal religious training. His academic journey reflects a combination of modern education and independent religious study, through which he engaged deeply with the Qur’an, Hadith literature, classical works of sīrah, and major historical sources. The article highlights the intellectual background of the author, his educational and professional life, and the circumstances that inspired him to devote many years to writing Sīrat al-Muzammil. The study also examines the vast range of sources used in the compilation of this work, including Qur’anic exegesis, canonical collections of Hadith, classical sīrah literature, and authoritative historical texts. Particular attention is given to the methodological approach of the author, who attempted to present the life of the Prophet ﷺ not merely as a sequence of historical events but as a comprehensive moral, spiritual, and intellectual model for humanity. Furthermore, the article sheds light on Iftikhar Ahmad Iftikhar’s literary output beyond Sīrat al-Muzammil and discusses his personal dedication to scholarship, research, and the dissemination of knowledge. Through this analysis, the study aims to highlight his contribution to contemporary sīrah writing in South Asia and to evaluate the significance of his scholarly efforts in preserving and presenting prophetic biography for modern readers.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Hafiz Ghulam Rasul Raza, Dr.Muhammad Naveed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
مولانا وحید الدین خاں کا عقلی اسلوبِ تفسیر: تذکیر القرآن کا مطالعہ
This study examines the rational (ʿaqlī) exegetical approach of Maulana Wahiduddin Khan as reflected in his renowned work Tazkir al-Qur’an. The research explores how the author employs intellectual reasoning, reflection on natural phenomena, and contemporary scientific awareness to interpret Qur’anic verses in a manner that resonates with the modern human mind. It analyzes the methodological foundations of his tafsir, particularly his emphasis on tadabbur (deep reflection), universality of the Qur’anic message, and its relevance to contemporary intellectual challenges. The study further evaluates how his approach differs from traditional narrative-based (naqlī) exegesis by prioritizing rational persuasion, internal coherence of the Qur’an, and experiential understanding over extensive reliance on classical reports. Through a qualitative analytical method, selected passages from Tazkir al-Qur’an are examined to highlight the distinctive features of his rational style, including simplicity of language, thematic coherence, and focus on spiritual awakening. The research concludes that Wahiduddin Khan’s rational approach presents a significant contribution to modern Qur’anic studies by bridging the gap between classical Islamic scholarship and contemporary intellectual discourse, making the Qur’an more accessible and meaningful for present-day readers.
Rational Exegesis, Wahiduddin Khan, Tazkir al-Qur’an, Qur’anic Interpretation, Tadabbur, Contemporary Tafsir, Intellectual Approach, Modern Islamic Thought
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Muhammad Amjid, Dr. Muhammad Naveed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
مغربی علمی روایت میں پیغمبر اسلام کا تصور: مستشرق جان ایل ایسپوزیٹو کی کتاب اسلام دی اسٹریٹ پاتھ کا تنقیدی مطالعہ
Orientalists have written about Islam and the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) in a way that is often illogical. They have consistently attempted to create controversy around Islam and the teachings of the Prophet (PBUH). Initially, their approach was to create doubts among Muslims about their faith, but later they changed their strategy to acknowledge the Prophet (PBUH) as a leader, commander, and successful politician, but not as a prophet or messenger. Most of the objections raised are from people of Jewish and Christian backgrounds, despite these religions being based on revelation. Their views on Islam, the Prophet (PBUH), and revelation are not acceptable to any enlightened society. Human creations are not as enduring as Islam, which remains preserved and relevant today. Despite efforts to erase it, Islam continues to thrive, and the Quran and Hadith remain intact. Many Orientalists have written about the life and character of the Prophet (PBUH), but John L. Esposito, in particular, has expressed a positive view of the Prophet's revelation, life, and character.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Muhammad Iqbal Haider, Dr. Hafiz Mukhtiar Ahmed Kandhro (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
اسلامی اور مغربی معاشروں میں خواتین کی خود مختاری کے اثرات: ایک تقابلی جائزہ
This study presents a comparative analysis of the effects of female autonomy in Islamic and Western societies. The concept of women’s autonomy differs significantly between these two social frameworks, influenced by distinct cultural, religious, and societal values. In Islamic societies, female autonomy is viewed within the boundaries of Islamic principles, ensuring respect, dignity, and rights for women, while also maintaining certain restrictions to preserve the moral fabric of society. Islam grants women autonomy in various aspects of life, including spiritual, social, and economic domains, but it places emphasis on the notion of balance and responsibility within a structured framework. In contrast, Western societies generally promote female autonomy based on individual freedom, equality, and personal rights. Women in these societies have been granted greater personal liberties, particularly in areas such as education, employment, and politics. However, this unrestricted autonomy sometimes comes with negative consequences, such as the destabilization of family structures, pressures in balancing career and family life, and challenges to traditional gender roles. This study explores the positive and negative effects of women’s autonomy in both contexts, emphasizing its impact on societal stability, family dynamics, and personal well-being. While women’s autonomy in Islamic societies is seen as a balanced approach that ensures social cohesion and individual development within the limits of religious ethics, the Western approach often emphasizes absolute freedom, sometimes leading to unintended social consequences. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of women in modern times, particularly focusing on the growing challenges and opportunities provided by the digital age, which has further reshaped the concept of autonomy.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Syeda Mahjbeen, Dr Akhtar Hussein Azmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0